# Calculate 3 + 4
3 + 4[1] 7# Calculate 6 + 12
6 + 12[1] 18# Calculate 3 + 4
3 + 4[1] 7# Calculate 6 + 12
6 + 12[1] 18# Assign the value 42 to x
x <- 42
# Print out the value of the variable x
x[1] 42Intro to Basics R
Introduction R
Add Image
Operations
You can add options to executable code like this
[1] 4The echo: false option disables the printing of code (only output is displayed).
# Assign the value 5 to the variable my_apples
my_apples<-5
# Print out the value of the variable my_apples
my_apples[1] 5# Assign a value to the variables my_apples and my_oranges
my_apples <- 5
my_oranges <- 6
# Add these two variables together
my_apples + my_oranges[1] 11# Create the variable my_fruit
my_fruit <- my_apples + my_oranges
# Assign a value to the variable my_apples
my_apples <- 5
# Fix the assignment of my_oranges
my_oranges <- 6
# Create the variable my_fruit and print it out
my_fruit <- my_apples + my_oranges
my_fruit[1] 11Basic data Types in R
# Change my_numeric to be 42
my_numeric <- 42
# Change my_character to be "universe"
my_character <- "universe"
# Change my_logical to be FALSE
my_logical <- FALSE# Check class of my_numeric
class(my_numeric)[1] "numeric"# Check class of my_character
class(my_character)[1] "character"# Check class of my_logical
class(my_logical)[1] "logical"# Poker winnings from Monday to Friday
poker_vector <- c(140, -50, 20, -120, 240)
# Roulette winnings from Monday to Friday
roulette_vector <- c(-24, -50, 100, -350, 10)
# The variable days_vector
days_vector <- c("Monday", "Tuesday", "Wednesday", "Thursday", "Friday")
# Assign the names of the day to roulette_vector and poker_vector
names(poker_vector) <- days_vector
names(roulette_vector) <-days_vectorA_vector <- c(1, 2, 3)
B_vector <- c(4, 5, 6)
# Take the sum of A_vector and B_vector
total_vector <- A_vector + B_vector
# Print out total_vector
print(total_vector)[1] 5 7 9Example
# Poker and roulette winnings from Monday to Friday:
poker_vector <- c(140, -50, 20, -120, 240)
roulette_vector <- c(-24, -50, 100, -350, 10)
days_vector <- c("Monday", "Tuesday", "Wednesday", "Thursday", "Friday")
names(poker_vector) <- days_vector
names(roulette_vector) <- days_vector
# Assign to total_daily how much you won/lost on each day
total_daily <- poker_vector+roulette_vector
print(total_daily) Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday
116 -100 120 -470 250 # Poker and roulette winnings from Monday to Friday:
poker_vector <- c(140, -50, 20, -120, 240)
roulette_vector <- c(-24, -50, 100, -350, 10)
days_vector <- c("Monday", "Tuesday", "Wednesday", "Thursday", "Friday")
names(poker_vector) <- days_vector
names(roulette_vector) <- days_vector
# Total winnings with poker
total_poker <- sum(poker_vector)
# Total winnings with roulette
total_roulette <- sum(roulette_vector)
# Total winnings overall
total_week <- total_poker + total_roulette
# Print out total_week
print(total_week) [1] -84# Poker and roulette winnings from Monday to Friday:
poker_vector <- c(140, -50, 20, -120, 240)
roulette_vector <- c(-24, -50, 100, -350, 10)
days_vector <- c("Monday", "Tuesday", "Wednesday", "Thursday", "Friday")
names(poker_vector) <- days_vector
names(roulette_vector) <- days_vector
# Calculate total gains for poker and roulette
total_poker <-sum(poker_vector)
total_roulette <-sum(roulette_vector)
# Check if you realized higher total gains in poker than in roulette
print(total_poker>total_roulette)[1] TRUEVector Selection
# Poker and roulette winnings from Monday to Friday:
poker_vector <- c(140, -50, 20, -120, 240)
roulette_vector <- c(-24, -50, 100, -350, 10)
days_vector <- c("Monday", "Tuesday", "Wednesday", "Thursday", "Friday")
names(poker_vector) <- days_vector
names(roulette_vector) <- days_vector
# Define a new variable based on a selection
poker_wednesday <- poker_vector[3]
print(poker_wednesday)Wednesday
20 # Poker and roulette winnings from Monday to Friday:
poker_vector <- c(140, -50, 20, -120, 240)
roulette_vector <- c(-24, -50, 100, -350, 10)
days_vector <- c("Monday", "Tuesday", "Wednesday", "Thursday", "Friday")
names(poker_vector) <- days_vector
names(roulette_vector) <- days_vector
# Define a new variable based on a selection
poker_midweek <- poker_vector[c(2,3,4)]
print(poker_midweek) Tuesday Wednesday Thursday
-50 20 -120 # Poker and roulette winnings from Monday to Friday:
poker_vector <- c(140, -50, 20, -120, 240)
roulette_vector <- c(-24, -50, 100, -350, 10)
days_vector <- c("Monday", "Tuesday", "Wednesday", "Thursday", "Friday")
names(poker_vector) <- days_vector
names(roulette_vector) <- days_vector
# Define a new variable based on a selection
roulette_selection_vector <- roulette_vector[2:5]
print(roulette_selection_vector) Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday
-50 100 -350 10 Calculate average
# Poker and roulette winnings from Monday to Friday:
poker_vector <- c(140, -50, 20, -120, 240)
roulette_vector <- c(-24, -50, 100, -350, 10)
days_vector <- c("Monday", "Tuesday", "Wednesday", "Thursday", "Friday")
names(poker_vector) <- days_vector
names(roulette_vector) <- days_vector
# Select poker results for Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday
poker_start <- poker_vector[c("Monday","Tuesday","Wednesday")]
# Calculate the average of the elements in poker_start
print(mean(poker_start))[1] 36.66667Selection by comparison step 1
#
# The (logical) comparison operators known to R are:
#
# < for less than
# > for greater than
# <= for less than or equal to
# >= for greater than or equal to
# == for equal to each other
# != not equal to each other
# Poker and roulette winnings from Monday to Friday:
poker_vector <- c(140, -50, 20, -120, 240)
roulette_vector <- c(-24, -50, 100, -350, 10)
days_vector <- c("Monday", "Tuesday", "Wednesday", "Thursday", "Friday")
names(poker_vector) <- days_vector
names(roulette_vector) <- days_vector
# Which days did you make money on poker?
selection_vector <- poker_vector>0
# Print out selection_vector
print(selection_vector) Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday
TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE Selection by comparison step 2
Working with comparisons will make your data analytical life easier. Instead of selecting a subset of days to investigate yourself (like before), you can simply ask R to return only those days where you realized a positive return for poker.
In the previous exercises you used selection_vector <- poker_vector > 0 to find the days on which you had a positive poker return. Now, you would like to know not only the days on which you won, but also how much you won on those days.
You can select the desired elements, by putting selection_vector between the square brackets that follow poker_vector:
poker_vector[selection_vector]R knows what to do when you pass a logical vector in square brackets: it will only select the elements that correspond to TRUE in selection_vector.
# Poker and roulette winnings from Monday to Friday:
poker_vector <- c(140, -50, 20, -120, 240)
roulette_vector <- c(-24, -50, 100, -350, 10)
days_vector <- c("Monday", "Tuesday", "Wednesday", "Thursday", "Friday")
names(poker_vector) <- days_vector
names(roulette_vector) <- days_vector
# Which days did you make money on poker?
selection_vector <- poker_vector > 0
# Select from poker_vector these days
poker_winning_days <- poker_vector[selection_vector]
print(poker_winning_days <- poker_vector[selection_vector]) Monday Wednesday Friday
140 20 240 print(poker_winning_days) Monday Wednesday Friday
140 20 240 Advanced selection
Just like you did for poker, you also want to know those days where you realized a positive return for roulette.
# Poker and roulette winnings from Monday to Friday:
poker_vector <- c(140, -50, 20, -120, 240)
roulette_vector <- c(-24, -50, 100, -350, 10)
days_vector <- c("Monday", "Tuesday", "Wednesday", "Thursday", "Friday")
names(poker_vector) <- days_vector
names(roulette_vector) <- days_vector
# Which days did you make money on roulette?
selection_vector <-roulette_vector>0
# Select from roulette_vector these days
roulette_winning_days <- roulette_vector[selection_vector]
print(roulette_winning_days)Wednesday Friday
100 10