data_fmh<-read.csv("/Users/phaptran/Documents/LEADING PROGRAM/N-DATA/ANALYSIS DTA/STATA ANALYSIS/R/CLASS/Framingham-dataset.csv",header=TRUE)
str(data_fmh)
## 'data.frame':    11627 obs. of  39 variables:
##  $ id          : int  2448 2448 6238 6238 6238 9428 9428 10552 10552 11252 ...
##  $ sex         : int  1 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 ...
##  $ tot.chol    : int  195 209 250 260 237 245 283 225 232 285 ...
##  $ age         : int  39 52 46 52 58 48 54 61 67 46 ...
##  $ sysbp       : num  106 121 121 105 108 ...
##  $ diasbp      : num  70 66 81 69.5 66 80 89 95 109 84 ...
##  $ smoker      : int  0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 ...
##  $ cigs.day    : int  0 0 0 0 0 20 30 30 20 23 ...
##  $ bmi         : num  27 NA 28.7 29.4 28.5 ...
##  $ diabetes    : int  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
##  $ bpmed       : int  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
##  $ heart.rate  : int  80 69 95 80 80 75 75 65 60 85 ...
##  $ glucose     : int  77 92 76 86 71 70 87 103 89 85 ...
##  $ educ        : int  4 4 2 2 2 1 1 3 3 3 ...
##  $ prev.chd    : int  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
##  $ prev.ap     : int  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
##  $ prev.mi     : int  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
##  $ prev.stroke : int  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
##  $ prev.hyp    : int  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 ...
##  $ time        : int  0 4628 0 2156 4344 0 2199 0 1977 0 ...
##  $ period      : int  1 3 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 1 ...
##  $ hdlc        : int  NA 31 NA NA 54 NA NA NA NA NA ...
##  $ ldlc        : int  NA 178 NA NA 141 NA NA NA NA NA ...
##  $ death       : int  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 ...
##  $ angina      : int  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
##  $ hosp.mi     : int  1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
##  $ mi.fchd     : int  1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
##  $ any.chd     : int  1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...
##  $ stroke      : int  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 ...
##  $ cvd         : int  1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 ...
##  $ hypertension: int  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 ...
##  $ time.ap     : int  8766 8766 8766 8766 8766 8766 8766 2956 2956 8766 ...
##  $ time.mi     : int  6438 6438 8766 8766 8766 8766 8766 2956 2956 8766 ...
##  $ time.mi.1   : int  6438 6438 8766 8766 8766 8766 8766 2956 2956 8766 ...
##  $ time.chd    : int  6438 6438 8766 8766 8766 8766 8766 2956 2956 8766 ...
##  $ time.stroke : int  8766 8766 8766 8766 8766 8766 8766 2089 2089 8766 ...
##  $ time.cvd    : int  6438 6438 8766 8766 8766 8766 8766 2089 2089 8766 ...
##  $ time.dth    : int  8766 8766 8766 8766 8766 8766 8766 2956 2956 8766 ...
##  $ time.hyp    : int  8766 8766 8766 8766 8766 8766 8766 0 0 4285 ...
head(data_fmh,n=10)
##       id sex tot.chol age sysbp diasbp smoker cigs.day   bmi diabetes bpmed
## 1   2448   1      195  39 106.0   70.0      0        0 26.97        0     0
## 2   2448   1      209  52 121.0   66.0      0        0    NA        0     0
## 3   6238   2      250  46 121.0   81.0      0        0 28.73        0     0
## 4   6238   2      260  52 105.0   69.5      0        0 29.43        0     0
## 5   6238   2      237  58 108.0   66.0      0        0 28.50        0     0
## 6   9428   1      245  48 127.5   80.0      1       20 25.34        0     0
## 7   9428   1      283  54 141.0   89.0      1       30 25.34        0     0
## 8  10552   2      225  61 150.0   95.0      1       30 28.58        0     0
## 9  10552   2      232  67 183.0  109.0      1       20 30.18        0     0
## 10 11252   2      285  46 130.0   84.0      1       23 23.10        0     0
##    heart.rate glucose educ prev.chd prev.ap prev.mi prev.stroke prev.hyp time
## 1          80      77    4        0       0       0           0        0    0
## 2          69      92    4        0       0       0           0        0 4628
## 3          95      76    2        0       0       0           0        0    0
## 4          80      86    2        0       0       0           0        0 2156
## 5          80      71    2        0       0       0           0        0 4344
## 6          75      70    1        0       0       0           0        0    0
## 7          75      87    1        0       0       0           0        0 2199
## 8          65     103    3        0       0       0           0        1    0
## 9          60      89    3        0       0       0           0        1 1977
## 10         85      85    3        0       0       0           0        0    0
##    period hdlc ldlc death angina hosp.mi mi.fchd any.chd stroke cvd
## 1       1   NA   NA     0      0       1       1       1      0   1
## 2       3   31  178     0      0       1       1       1      0   1
## 3       1   NA   NA     0      0       0       0       0      0   0
## 4       2   NA   NA     0      0       0       0       0      0   0
## 5       3   54  141     0      0       0       0       0      0   0
## 6       1   NA   NA     0      0       0       0       0      0   0
## 7       2   NA   NA     0      0       0       0       0      0   0
## 8       1   NA   NA     1      0       0       0       0      1   1
## 9       2   NA   NA     1      0       0       0       0      1   1
## 10      1   NA   NA     0      0       0       0       0      0   0
##    hypertension time.ap time.mi time.mi.1 time.chd time.stroke time.cvd
## 1             0    8766    6438      6438     6438        8766     6438
## 2             0    8766    6438      6438     6438        8766     6438
## 3             0    8766    8766      8766     8766        8766     8766
## 4             0    8766    8766      8766     8766        8766     8766
## 5             0    8766    8766      8766     8766        8766     8766
## 6             0    8766    8766      8766     8766        8766     8766
## 7             0    8766    8766      8766     8766        8766     8766
## 8             1    2956    2956      2956     2956        2089     2089
## 9             1    2956    2956      2956     2956        2089     2089
## 10            1    8766    8766      8766     8766        8766     8766
##    time.dth time.hyp
## 1      8766     8766
## 2      8766     8766
## 3      8766     8766
## 4      8766     8766
## 5      8766     8766
## 6      8766     8766
## 7      8766     8766
## 8      2956        0
## 9      2956        0
## 10     8766     4285
tail(data_fmh,n=10)
##            id sex tot.chol age sysbp diasbp smoker cigs.day   bmi diabetes
## 11618 9993179   2       NA  50 131.0     80      1       25 21.22        0
## 11619 9993179   2      251  56 145.0     92      1       35 21.97        0
## 11620 9995546   2      269  52 133.5     83      0        0 21.47        0
## 11621 9995546   2      265  58 140.0     83      0        0 22.55        0
## 11622 9998212   1      185  40 141.0     98      0        0 25.60        0
## 11623 9998212   1      173  46 126.0     82      0        0 19.17        0
## 11624 9998212   1      153  52 143.0     89      0        0 25.74        0
## 11625 9999312   2      196  39 133.0     86      1       30 20.91        0
## 11626 9999312   2      240  46 138.0     79      1       20 26.39        0
## 11627 9999312   2       NA  50 147.0     96      1       10 24.19        0
##       bpmed heart.rate glucose educ prev.chd prev.ap prev.mi prev.stroke
## 11618     0         75      NA    1        0       0       0           0
## 11619     1         95      90    1        0       0       0           0
## 11620     0         80     107    2        0       0       0           0
## 11621     1         80      79    2        0       0       0           0
## 11622     0         67      72    3        0       0       0           0
## 11623     0         70      NA    3        0       0       0           0
## 11624     0         65      72    3        0       0       0           0
## 11625     0         85      80    3        0       0       0           0
## 11626     0         90      83    3        0       0       0           0
## 11627     0         94      NA    3        0       0       0           0
##       prev.hyp time period hdlc ldlc death angina hosp.mi mi.fchd any.chd
## 11618        0 2226      2   NA   NA     1      0       0       0       0
## 11619        1 4396      3   70  181     1      0       0       0       0
## 11620        0    0      1   NA   NA     0      1       0       1       1
## 11621        1 2186      2   NA   NA     0      1       0       1       1
## 11622        1    0      1   NA   NA     0      0       0       0       0
## 11623        1 2333      2   NA   NA     0      0       0       0       0
## 11624        1 4538      3   30  123     0      0       0       0       0
## 11625        0    0      1   NA   NA     0      0       0       0       0
## 11626        0 2390      2   NA   NA     0      0       0       0       0
## 11627        1 4201      3   NA   NA     0      0       0       0       0
##       stroke cvd hypertension time.ap time.mi time.mi.1 time.chd time.stroke
## 11618      0   0            1    6729    6729      6729     6729        6729
## 11619      0   0            1    6729    6729      6729     6729        6729
## 11620      0   1            1    5939    8766      5209     5209        8766
## 11621      0   1            1    5939    8766      5209     5209        8766
## 11622      0   0            1    8766    8766      8766     8766        8766
## 11623      0   0            1    8766    8766      8766     8766        8766
## 11624      0   0            1    8766    8766      8766     8766        8766
## 11625      0   0            1    8766    8766      8766     8766        8766
## 11626      0   0            1    8766    8766      8766     8766        8766
## 11627      0   0            1    8766    8766      8766     8766        8766
##       time.cvd time.dth time.hyp
## 11618     6729     6729     4396
## 11619     6729     6729     4396
## 11620     5209     8766      735
## 11621     5209     8766      735
## 11622     8766     8766        0
## 11623     8766     8766        0
## 11624     8766     8766        0
## 11625     8766     8766     4201
## 11626     8766     8766     4201
## 11627     8766     8766     4201
library(table1)
## 
## Attaching package: 'table1'
## The following objects are masked from 'package:base':
## 
##     units, units<-
table1(~  sex + tot.chol + age + sysbp + diasbp + smoker + cigs.day  + bmi + diabetes +
         bpmed + heart.rate + glucose + educ + prev.chd + prev.ap + prev.mi +
         prev.stroke + prev.hyp + time + period + hdlc + ldlc + death + angina +
         hosp.mi + mi.fchd + any.chd + stroke + cvd + hypertension + 
         time.ap + time.mi + time.mi.1 + time.chd + time.stroke + time.cvd + time.dth + time.hyp, data_fmh)
Overall
(N=11627)
sex
Mean (SD) 1.57 (0.495)
Median [Min, Max] 2.00 [1.00, 2.00]
tot.chol
Mean (SD) 241 (45.4)
Median [Min, Max] 238 [107, 696]
Missing 409 (3.5%)
age
Mean (SD) 54.8 (9.56)
Median [Min, Max] 54.0 [32.0, 81.0]
sysbp
Mean (SD) 136 (22.8)
Median [Min, Max] 132 [83.5, 295]
diasbp
Mean (SD) 83.0 (11.7)
Median [Min, Max] 82.0 [30.0, 150]
smoker
Mean (SD) 0.433 (0.495)
Median [Min, Max] 0 [0, 1.00]
cigs.day
Mean (SD) 8.25 (12.2)
Median [Min, Max] 0 [0, 90.0]
Missing 79 (0.7%)
bmi
Mean (SD) 25.9 (4.10)
Median [Min, Max] 25.5 [14.4, 56.8]
Missing 52 (0.4%)
diabetes
Mean (SD) 0.0456 (0.209)
Median [Min, Max] 0 [0, 1.00]
bpmed
Mean (SD) 0.0856 (0.280)
Median [Min, Max] 0 [0, 1.00]
Missing 593 (5.1%)
heart.rate
Mean (SD) 76.8 (12.5)
Median [Min, Max] 75.0 [37.0, 220]
Missing 6 (0.1%)
glucose
Mean (SD) 84.1 (25.0)
Median [Min, Max] 80.0 [39.0, 478]
Missing 1440 (12.4%)
educ
Mean (SD) 1.99 (1.03)
Median [Min, Max] 2.00 [1.00, 4.00]
Missing 295 (2.5%)
prev.chd
Mean (SD) 0.0724 (0.259)
Median [Min, Max] 0 [0, 1.00]
prev.ap
Mean (SD) 0.0539 (0.226)
Median [Min, Max] 0 [0, 1.00]
prev.mi
Mean (SD) 0.0322 (0.176)
Median [Min, Max] 0 [0, 1.00]
prev.stroke
Mean (SD) 0.0131 (0.114)
Median [Min, Max] 0 [0, 1.00]
prev.hyp
Mean (SD) 0.460 (0.498)
Median [Min, Max] 0 [0, 1.00]
time
Mean (SD) 1960 (1760)
Median [Min, Max] 2160 [0, 4850]
period
Mean (SD) 1.90 (0.807)
Median [Min, Max] 2.00 [1.00, 3.00]
hdlc
Mean (SD) 49.4 (15.6)
Median [Min, Max] 48.0 [10.0, 189]
Missing 8600 (74.0%)
ldlc
Mean (SD) 176 (46.9)
Median [Min, Max] 173 [20.0, 565]
Missing 8601 (74.0%)
death
Mean (SD) 0.303 (0.460)
Median [Min, Max] 0 [0, 1.00]
angina
Mean (SD) 0.164 (0.370)
Median [Min, Max] 0 [0, 1.00]
hosp.mi
Mean (SD) 0.0993 (0.299)
Median [Min, Max] 0 [0, 1.00]
mi.fchd
Mean (SD) 0.154 (0.361)
Median [Min, Max] 0 [0, 1.00]
any.chd
Mean (SD) 0.272 (0.445)
Median [Min, Max] 0 [0, 1.00]
stroke
Mean (SD) 0.0913 (0.288)
Median [Min, Max] 0 [0, 1.00]
cvd
Mean (SD) 0.249 (0.433)
Median [Min, Max] 0 [0, 1.00]
hypertension
Mean (SD) 0.743 (0.437)
Median [Min, Max] 1.00 [0, 1.00]
time.ap
Mean (SD) 7240 (2480)
Median [Min, Max] 8770 [0, 8770]
time.mi
Mean (SD) 7590 (2140)
Median [Min, Max] 8770 [0, 8770]
time.mi.1
Mean (SD) 7540 (2190)
Median [Min, Max] 8770 [0, 8770]
time.chd
Mean (SD) 7010 (2640)
Median [Min, Max] 8770 [0, 8770]
time.stroke
Mean (SD) 7660 (2010)
Median [Min, Max] 8770 [0, 8770]
time.cvd
Mean (SD) 7170 (2540)
Median [Min, Max] 8770 [0, 8770]
time.dth
Mean (SD) 7850 (1790)
Median [Min, Max] 8770 [26.0, 8770]
time.hyp
Mean (SD) 3600 (3460)
Median [Min, Max] 2430 [0, 8770]
#Check factor for table 1
data_fmh$sex <- as.factor(data_fmh$sex)
data_fmh$smoker <- as.factor(data_fmh$smoker)
data_fmh$diabetes <- as.factor(data_fmh$diabetes)
data_fmh$bpmed <- as.factor(data_fmh$bpmed)
data_fmh$educ <- as.factor(data_fmh$educ)
data_fmh$prev.chd <- as.factor(data_fmh$prev.chd)
data_fmh$prev.ap <- as.factor(data_fmh$prev.ap)
data_fmh$prev.mi  <- as.factor(data_fmh$prev.mi)
data_fmh$prev.stroke  <- as.factor(data_fmh$prev.stroke)
data_fmh$prev.hyp  <- as.factor(data_fmh$prev.hyp)
data_fmh$death <- as.factor(data_fmh$death)
data_fmh$period <- as.factor(data_fmh$period)
data_fmh$angina <- as.factor(data_fmh$angina)
data_fmh$hosp.mi <- as.factor(data_fmh$hosp.mi)
data_fmh$mi.fchd <- as.factor(data_fmh$mi.fchd)
data_fmh$any.chd <- as.factor(data_fmh$any.chd)
data_fmh$stroke <- as.factor(data_fmh$stroke)
data_fmh$cvd <- as.factor(data_fmh$cvd)
data_fmh$hypertension <- as.factor(data_fmh$hypertension)
table1(~  sex + tot.chol + age + sysbp + diasbp + smoker + cigs.day  + bmi + diabetes +
         bpmed + heart.rate + glucose + educ + prev.chd + prev.ap + prev.mi +
         prev.stroke + prev.hyp + time + period + hdlc + ldlc + death + angina +
         hosp.mi + mi.fchd + any.chd + stroke + cvd + hypertension + 
         time.ap + time.mi + time.mi.1 + time.chd + time.stroke + time.cvd + time.dth + time.hyp, data_fmh)
Overall
(N=11627)
sex
1 5022 (43.2%)
2 6605 (56.8%)
tot.chol
Mean (SD) 241 (45.4)
Median [Min, Max] 238 [107, 696]
Missing 409 (3.5%)
age
Mean (SD) 54.8 (9.56)
Median [Min, Max] 54.0 [32.0, 81.0]
sysbp
Mean (SD) 136 (22.8)
Median [Min, Max] 132 [83.5, 295]
diasbp
Mean (SD) 83.0 (11.7)
Median [Min, Max] 82.0 [30.0, 150]
smoker
0 6598 (56.7%)
1 5029 (43.3%)
cigs.day
Mean (SD) 8.25 (12.2)
Median [Min, Max] 0 [0, 90.0]
Missing 79 (0.7%)
bmi
Mean (SD) 25.9 (4.10)
Median [Min, Max] 25.5 [14.4, 56.8]
Missing 52 (0.4%)
diabetes
0 11097 (95.4%)
1 530 (4.6%)
bpmed
0 10090 (86.8%)
1 944 (8.1%)
Missing 593 (5.1%)
heart.rate
Mean (SD) 76.8 (12.5)
Median [Min, Max] 75.0 [37.0, 220]
Missing 6 (0.1%)
glucose
Mean (SD) 84.1 (25.0)
Median [Min, Max] 80.0 [39.0, 478]
Missing 1440 (12.4%)
educ
1 4690 (40.3%)
2 3410 (29.3%)
3 1885 (16.2%)
4 1347 (11.6%)
Missing 295 (2.5%)
prev.chd
0 10785 (92.8%)
1 842 (7.2%)
prev.ap
0 11000 (94.6%)
1 627 (5.4%)
prev.mi
0 11253 (96.8%)
1 374 (3.2%)
prev.stroke
0 11475 (98.7%)
1 152 (1.3%)
prev.hyp
0 6283 (54.0%)
1 5344 (46.0%)
time
Mean (SD) 1960 (1760)
Median [Min, Max] 2160 [0, 4850]
period
1 4434 (38.1%)
2 3930 (33.8%)
3 3263 (28.1%)
hdlc
Mean (SD) 49.4 (15.6)
Median [Min, Max] 48.0 [10.0, 189]
Missing 8600 (74.0%)
ldlc
Mean (SD) 176 (46.9)
Median [Min, Max] 173 [20.0, 565]
Missing 8601 (74.0%)
death
0 8100 (69.7%)
1 3527 (30.3%)
angina
0 9725 (83.6%)
1 1902 (16.4%)
hosp.mi
0 10473 (90.1%)
1 1154 (9.9%)
mi.fchd
0 9839 (84.6%)
1 1788 (15.4%)
any.chd
0 8469 (72.8%)
1 3158 (27.2%)
stroke
0 10566 (90.9%)
1 1061 (9.1%)
cvd
0 8728 (75.1%)
1 2899 (24.9%)
hypertension
0 2985 (25.7%)
1 8642 (74.3%)
time.ap
Mean (SD) 7240 (2480)
Median [Min, Max] 8770 [0, 8770]
time.mi
Mean (SD) 7590 (2140)
Median [Min, Max] 8770 [0, 8770]
time.mi.1
Mean (SD) 7540 (2190)
Median [Min, Max] 8770 [0, 8770]
time.chd
Mean (SD) 7010 (2640)
Median [Min, Max] 8770 [0, 8770]
time.stroke
Mean (SD) 7660 (2010)
Median [Min, Max] 8770 [0, 8770]
time.cvd
Mean (SD) 7170 (2540)
Median [Min, Max] 8770 [0, 8770]
time.dth
Mean (SD) 7850 (1790)
Median [Min, Max] 8770 [26.0, 8770]
time.hyp
Mean (SD) 3600 (3460)
Median [Min, Max] 2430 [0, 8770]
# plot(density(data$tot.chol))
plot(density(data_fmh$tot.chol, na.rm=TRUE), xlab="Total Cholesterol", main="Density Plot of Total Cholesterol")

qqnorm(data_fmh$tot.chol)
qqline(data_fmh$tot.chol, col = 2)

## Perform the Shapiro-Wilk test on tot.chol
#shapiro.test(data$tot.chol)

# Perform Anderson-Darling test
library(nortest)
ad.test(data_fmh$tot.chol)
## 
##  Anderson-Darling normality test
## 
## data:  data_fmh$tot.chol
## A = 29.968, p-value < 2.2e-16
cvm.test(data_fmh$tot.chol) #Note that the Cramer-von Mises test has similar assumptions to the Kolmogorov-Smirnov
## Warning in cvm.test(data_fmh$tot.chol): p-value is smaller than 7.37e-10, cannot
## be computed more accurately
## 
##  Cramer-von Mises normality test
## 
## data:  data_fmh$tot.chol
## W = 4.638, p-value = 7.37e-10
# Perform Kolmogorov-Smirnov test
ks.test(data_fmh$tot.chol, "pnorm", mean(data_fmh$tot.chol), sd(data_fmh$tot.chol))
## Warning in ks.test.default(data_fmh$tot.chol, "pnorm",
## mean(data_fmh$tot.chol), : ties should not be present for the Kolmogorov-Smirnov
## test
## 
##  Asymptotic one-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test
## 
## data:  data_fmh$tot.chol
## D = NA, p-value = NA
## alternative hypothesis: two-sided
##Check normal one-time##
library(magrittr) # needs to be run every time you start R and want to use %>%
library(dplyr)    # alternatively, this also loads %>%
## 
## Attaching package: 'dplyr'
## The following objects are masked from 'package:stats':
## 
##     filter, lag
## The following objects are masked from 'package:base':
## 
##     intersect, setdiff, setequal, union
library(ggplot2)
library(reshape2)

# Plot histograms for each variable in the same plot
# Select the columns containing the numerical variables
num_vars <- c("tot.chol", "age", "sysbp", "diasbp", "cigs.day", "bmi", "heart.rate", "glucose")
data_num <- data_fmh %>% select(all_of(num_vars))
# Plot histograms for each variable in the same plot
ggplot(melt(data_num), aes(x=value, fill=variable)) +
  geom_histogram(alpha=0.5, position="identity") +
  facet_grid(variable ~ ., scales="free_y") +
  labs(x="Value", y="Frequency")
## No id variables; using all as measure variables
## `stat_bin()` using `bins = 30`. Pick better value with `binwidth`.
## Warning: Removed 1986 rows containing non-finite values (`stat_bin()`).

t.test(data_fmh$tot.chol ~ data_fmh$stroke)
## 
##  Welch Two Sample t-test
## 
## data:  data_fmh$tot.chol by data_fmh$stroke
## t = -1.1019, df = 1201.4, p-value = 0.2707
## alternative hypothesis: true difference in means between group 0 and group 1 is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
##  -4.951814  1.389933
## sample estimates:
## mean in group 0 mean in group 1 
##        240.9992        242.7802
wilcox.test(data_fmh$age ~ data_fmh$stroke)
## 
##  Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction
## 
## data:  data_fmh$age by data_fmh$stroke
## W = 3533309, p-value < 2.2e-16
## alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0
wilcox.test(data_fmh$sysbp ~ data_fmh$stroke)
## 
##  Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction
## 
## data:  data_fmh$sysbp by data_fmh$stroke
## W = 3523748, p-value < 2.2e-16
## alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0
wilcox.test(data_fmh$cigs.day ~ data_fmh$stroke)
## 
##  Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction
## 
## data:  data_fmh$cigs.day by data_fmh$stroke
## W = 5635544, p-value = 0.2572
## alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0
wilcox.test(data_fmh$bmi ~ data_fmh$stroke)
## 
##  Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction
## 
## data:  data_fmh$bmi by data_fmh$stroke
## W = 4868495, p-value = 1.479e-10
## alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0
wilcox.test(data_fmh$heart.rate ~ data_fmh$stroke)
## 
##  Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction
## 
## data:  data_fmh$heart.rate by data_fmh$stroke
## W = 5482066, p-value = 0.3083
## alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0
wilcox.test(data_fmh$glucose ~ data_fmh$stroke)
## 
##  Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction
## 
## data:  data_fmh$glucose by data_fmh$stroke
## W = 3997955, p-value = 4.127e-05
## alternative hypothesis: true location shift is not equal to 0

#install.packages(“gtools”)

library(gmodels)
crosstable_result <- CrossTable(data_fmh$sex, data_fmh$stroke, chisq = TRUE)
## 
##  
##    Cell Contents
## |-------------------------|
## |                       N |
## | Chi-square contribution |
## |           N / Row Total |
## |           N / Col Total |
## |         N / Table Total |
## |-------------------------|
## 
##  
## Total Observations in Table:  11627 
## 
##  
##              | data_fmh$stroke 
## data_fmh$sex |         0 |         1 | Row Total | 
## -------------|-----------|-----------|-----------|
##            1 |      4534 |       488 |      5022 | 
##              |     0.194 |     1.928 |           | 
##              |     0.903 |     0.097 |     0.432 | 
##              |     0.429 |     0.460 |           | 
##              |     0.390 |     0.042 |           | 
## -------------|-----------|-----------|-----------|
##            2 |      6032 |       573 |      6605 | 
##              |     0.147 |     1.466 |           | 
##              |     0.913 |     0.087 |     0.568 | 
##              |     0.571 |     0.540 |           | 
##              |     0.519 |     0.049 |           | 
## -------------|-----------|-----------|-----------|
## Column Total |     10566 |      1061 |     11627 | 
##              |     0.909 |     0.091 |           | 
## -------------|-----------|-----------|-----------|
## 
##  
## Statistics for All Table Factors
## 
## 
## Pearson's Chi-squared test 
## ------------------------------------------------------------
## Chi^2 =  3.735296     d.f. =  1     p =  0.05327421 
## 
## Pearson's Chi-squared test with Yates' continuity correction 
## ------------------------------------------------------------
## Chi^2 =  3.610699     d.f. =  1     p =  0.05740898 
## 
## 
crosstable_result <- CrossTable(data_fmh$smoker, data_fmh$stroke, chisq = TRUE)
## 
##  
##    Cell Contents
## |-------------------------|
## |                       N |
## | Chi-square contribution |
## |           N / Row Total |
## |           N / Col Total |
## |         N / Table Total |
## |-------------------------|
## 
##  
## Total Observations in Table:  11627 
## 
##  
##                 | data_fmh$stroke 
## data_fmh$smoker |         0 |         1 | Row Total | 
## ----------------|-----------|-----------|-----------|
##               0 |      5981 |       617 |      6598 | 
##                 |     0.037 |     0.369 |           | 
##                 |     0.906 |     0.094 |     0.567 | 
##                 |     0.566 |     0.582 |           | 
##                 |     0.514 |     0.053 |           | 
## ----------------|-----------|-----------|-----------|
##               1 |      4585 |       444 |      5029 | 
##                 |     0.049 |     0.485 |           | 
##                 |     0.912 |     0.088 |     0.433 | 
##                 |     0.434 |     0.418 |           | 
##                 |     0.394 |     0.038 |           | 
## ----------------|-----------|-----------|-----------|
##    Column Total |     10566 |      1061 |     11627 | 
##                 |     0.909 |     0.091 |           | 
## ----------------|-----------|-----------|-----------|
## 
##  
## Statistics for All Table Factors
## 
## 
## Pearson's Chi-squared test 
## ------------------------------------------------------------
## Chi^2 =  0.9396167     d.f. =  1     p =  0.3323764 
## 
## Pearson's Chi-squared test with Yates' continuity correction 
## ------------------------------------------------------------
## Chi^2 =  0.877662     d.f. =  1     p =  0.3488428 
## 
## 
crosstable_result <- CrossTable(data_fmh$diabetes, data_fmh$stroke, chisq = TRUE)
## 
##  
##    Cell Contents
## |-------------------------|
## |                       N |
## | Chi-square contribution |
## |           N / Row Total |
## |           N / Col Total |
## |         N / Table Total |
## |-------------------------|
## 
##  
## Total Observations in Table:  11627 
## 
##  
##                   | data_fmh$stroke 
## data_fmh$diabetes |         0 |         1 | Row Total | 
## ------------------|-----------|-----------|-----------|
##                 0 |     10164 |       933 |     11097 | 
##                   |     0.629 |     6.263 |           | 
##                   |     0.916 |     0.084 |     0.954 | 
##                   |     0.962 |     0.879 |           | 
##                   |     0.874 |     0.080 |           | 
## ------------------|-----------|-----------|-----------|
##                 1 |       402 |       128 |       530 | 
##                   |    13.167 |   131.127 |           | 
##                   |     0.758 |     0.242 |     0.046 | 
##                   |     0.038 |     0.121 |           | 
##                   |     0.035 |     0.011 |           | 
## ------------------|-----------|-----------|-----------|
##      Column Total |     10566 |      1061 |     11627 | 
##                   |     0.909 |     0.091 |           | 
## ------------------|-----------|-----------|-----------|
## 
##  
## Statistics for All Table Factors
## 
## 
## Pearson's Chi-squared test 
## ------------------------------------------------------------
## Chi^2 =  151.1864     d.f. =  1     p =  9.542079e-35 
## 
## Pearson's Chi-squared test with Yates' continuity correction 
## ------------------------------------------------------------
## Chi^2 =  149.2939     d.f. =  1     p =  2.473414e-34 
## 
## 
crosstable_result <- CrossTable(data_fmh$bpmed, data_fmh$stroke, chisq = TRUE)
## 
##  
##    Cell Contents
## |-------------------------|
## |                       N |
## | Chi-square contribution |
## |           N / Row Total |
## |           N / Col Total |
## |         N / Table Total |
## |-------------------------|
## 
##  
## Total Observations in Table:  11034 
## 
##  
##                | data_fmh$stroke 
## data_fmh$bpmed |         0 |         1 | Row Total | 
## ---------------|-----------|-----------|-----------|
##              0 |      9288 |       802 |     10090 | 
##                |     1.470 |    14.683 |           | 
##                |     0.921 |     0.079 |     0.914 | 
##                |     0.926 |     0.799 |           | 
##                |     0.842 |     0.073 |           | 
## ---------------|-----------|-----------|-----------|
##              1 |       742 |       202 |       944 | 
##                |    15.709 |   156.936 |           | 
##                |     0.786 |     0.214 |     0.086 | 
##                |     0.074 |     0.201 |           | 
##                |     0.067 |     0.018 |           | 
## ---------------|-----------|-----------|-----------|
##   Column Total |     10030 |      1004 |     11034 | 
##                |     0.909 |     0.091 |           | 
## ---------------|-----------|-----------|-----------|
## 
##  
## Statistics for All Table Factors
## 
## 
## Pearson's Chi-squared test 
## ------------------------------------------------------------
## Chi^2 =  188.7973     d.f. =  1     p =  5.819098e-43 
## 
## Pearson's Chi-squared test with Yates' continuity correction 
## ------------------------------------------------------------
## Chi^2 =  187.1747     d.f. =  1     p =  1.315389e-42 
## 
## 
crosstable_result <- CrossTable(data_fmh$educ, data_fmh$stroke, chisq = TRUE)
## 
##  
##    Cell Contents
## |-------------------------|
## |                       N |
## | Chi-square contribution |
## |           N / Row Total |
## |           N / Col Total |
## |         N / Table Total |
## |-------------------------|
## 
##  
## Total Observations in Table:  11332 
## 
##  
##               | data_fmh$stroke 
## data_fmh$educ |         0 |         1 | Row Total | 
## --------------|-----------|-----------|-----------|
##             1 |      4146 |       544 |      4690 | 
##               |     3.138 |    31.220 |           | 
##               |     0.884 |     0.116 |     0.414 | 
##               |     0.403 |     0.526 |           | 
##               |     0.366 |     0.048 |           | 
## --------------|-----------|-----------|-----------|
##             2 |      3149 |       261 |      3410 | 
##               |     0.821 |     8.172 |           | 
##               |     0.923 |     0.077 |     0.301 | 
##               |     0.306 |     0.252 |           | 
##               |     0.278 |     0.023 |           | 
## --------------|-----------|-----------|-----------|
##             3 |      1752 |       133 |      1885 | 
##               |     0.896 |     8.910 |           | 
##               |     0.929 |     0.071 |     0.166 | 
##               |     0.170 |     0.129 |           | 
##               |     0.155 |     0.012 |           | 
## --------------|-----------|-----------|-----------|
##             4 |      1250 |        97 |      1347 | 
##               |     0.553 |     5.506 |           | 
##               |     0.928 |     0.072 |     0.119 | 
##               |     0.121 |     0.094 |           | 
##               |     0.110 |     0.009 |           | 
## --------------|-----------|-----------|-----------|
##  Column Total |     10297 |      1035 |     11332 | 
##               |     0.909 |     0.091 |           | 
## --------------|-----------|-----------|-----------|
## 
##  
## Statistics for All Table Factors
## 
## 
## Pearson's Chi-squared test 
## ------------------------------------------------------------
## Chi^2 =  59.21579     d.f. =  3     p =  8.645106e-13 
## 
## 
## 
crosstable_result <- CrossTable(data_fmh$prev.chd, data_fmh$stroke, chisq = TRUE)
## 
##  
##    Cell Contents
## |-------------------------|
## |                       N |
## | Chi-square contribution |
## |           N / Row Total |
## |           N / Col Total |
## |         N / Table Total |
## |-------------------------|
## 
##  
## Total Observations in Table:  11627 
## 
##  
##                   | data_fmh$stroke 
## data_fmh$prev.chd |         0 |         1 | Row Total | 
## ------------------|-----------|-----------|-----------|
##                 0 |      9887 |       898 |     10785 | 
##                   |     0.758 |     7.544 |           | 
##                   |     0.917 |     0.083 |     0.928 | 
##                   |     0.936 |     0.846 |           | 
##                   |     0.850 |     0.077 |           | 
## ------------------|-----------|-----------|-----------|
##                 1 |       679 |       163 |       842 | 
##                   |     9.703 |    96.627 |           | 
##                   |     0.806 |     0.194 |     0.072 | 
##                   |     0.064 |     0.154 |           | 
##                   |     0.058 |     0.014 |           | 
## ------------------|-----------|-----------|-----------|
##      Column Total |     10566 |      1061 |     11627 | 
##                   |     0.909 |     0.091 |           | 
## ------------------|-----------|-----------|-----------|
## 
##  
## Statistics for All Table Factors
## 
## 
## Pearson's Chi-squared test 
## ------------------------------------------------------------
## Chi^2 =  114.6319     d.f. =  1     p =  9.475184e-27 
## 
## Pearson's Chi-squared test with Yates' continuity correction 
## ------------------------------------------------------------
## Chi^2 =  113.3053     d.f. =  1     p =  1.84979e-26 
## 
## 
crosstable_result <- CrossTable(data_fmh$prev.mi, data_fmh$stroke, chisq = TRUE)
## 
##  
##    Cell Contents
## |-------------------------|
## |                       N |
## | Chi-square contribution |
## |           N / Row Total |
## |           N / Col Total |
## |         N / Table Total |
## |-------------------------|
## 
##  
## Total Observations in Table:  11627 
## 
##  
##                  | data_fmh$stroke 
## data_fmh$prev.mi |         0 |         1 | Row Total | 
## -----------------|-----------|-----------|-----------|
##                0 |     10271 |       982 |     11253 | 
##                  |     0.197 |     1.961 |           | 
##                  |     0.913 |     0.087 |     0.968 | 
##                  |     0.972 |     0.926 |           | 
##                  |     0.883 |     0.084 |           | 
## -----------------|-----------|-----------|-----------|
##                1 |       295 |        79 |       374 | 
##                  |     5.924 |    58.995 |           | 
##                  |     0.789 |     0.211 |     0.032 | 
##                  |     0.028 |     0.074 |           | 
##                  |     0.025 |     0.007 |           | 
## -----------------|-----------|-----------|-----------|
##     Column Total |     10566 |      1061 |     11627 | 
##                  |     0.909 |     0.091 |           | 
## -----------------|-----------|-----------|-----------|
## 
##  
## Statistics for All Table Factors
## 
## 
## Pearson's Chi-squared test 
## ------------------------------------------------------------
## Chi^2 =  67.07722     d.f. =  1     p =  2.610776e-16 
## 
## Pearson's Chi-squared test with Yates' continuity correction 
## ------------------------------------------------------------
## Chi^2 =  65.59067     d.f. =  1     p =  5.550085e-16 
## 
## 
crosstable_result <- CrossTable(data_fmh$prev.stroke, data_fmh$stroke, chisq = TRUE)
## 
##  
##    Cell Contents
## |-------------------------|
## |                       N |
## | Chi-square contribution |
## |           N / Row Total |
## |           N / Col Total |
## |         N / Table Total |
## |-------------------------|
## 
##  
## Total Observations in Table:  11627 
## 
##  
##                      | data_fmh$stroke 
## data_fmh$prev.stroke |         0 |         1 | Row Total | 
## ---------------------|-----------|-----------|-----------|
##                    0 |     10566 |       909 |     11475 | 
##                      |     1.830 |    18.221 |           | 
##                      |     0.921 |     0.079 |     0.987 | 
##                      |     1.000 |     0.857 |           | 
##                      |     0.909 |     0.078 |           | 
## ---------------------|-----------|-----------|-----------|
##                    1 |         0 |       152 |       152 | 
##                      |   138.130 |  1375.567 |           | 
##                      |     0.000 |     1.000 |     0.013 | 
##                      |     0.000 |     0.143 |           | 
##                      |     0.000 |     0.013 |           | 
## ---------------------|-----------|-----------|-----------|
##         Column Total |     10566 |      1061 |     11627 | 
##                      |     0.909 |     0.091 |           | 
## ---------------------|-----------|-----------|-----------|
## 
##  
## Statistics for All Table Factors
## 
## 
## Pearson's Chi-squared test 
## ------------------------------------------------------------
## Chi^2 =  1533.747     d.f. =  1     p =  0 
## 
## Pearson's Chi-squared test with Yates' continuity correction 
## ------------------------------------------------------------
## Chi^2 =  1522.664     d.f. =  1     p =  0 
## 
## 
crosstable_result <- CrossTable(data_fmh$prev.hyp, data_fmh$stroke, chisq = TRUE)
## 
##  
##    Cell Contents
## |-------------------------|
## |                       N |
## | Chi-square contribution |
## |           N / Row Total |
## |           N / Col Total |
## |         N / Table Total |
## |-------------------------|
## 
##  
## Total Observations in Table:  11627 
## 
##  
##                   | data_fmh$stroke 
## data_fmh$prev.hyp |         0 |         1 | Row Total | 
## ------------------|-----------|-----------|-----------|
##                 0 |      5995 |       288 |      6283 | 
##                   |    14.260 |   142.011 |           | 
##                   |     0.954 |     0.046 |     0.540 | 
##                   |     0.567 |     0.271 |           | 
##                   |     0.516 |     0.025 |           | 
## ------------------|-----------|-----------|-----------|
##                 1 |      4571 |       773 |      5344 | 
##                   |    16.766 |   166.963 |           | 
##                   |     0.855 |     0.145 |     0.460 | 
##                   |     0.433 |     0.729 |           | 
##                   |     0.393 |     0.066 |           | 
## ------------------|-----------|-----------|-----------|
##      Column Total |     10566 |      1061 |     11627 | 
##                   |     0.909 |     0.091 |           | 
## ------------------|-----------|-----------|-----------|
## 
##  
## Statistics for All Table Factors
## 
## 
## Pearson's Chi-squared test 
## ------------------------------------------------------------
## Chi^2 =  340.0001     d.f. =  1     p =  6.380538e-76 
## 
## Pearson's Chi-squared test with Yates' continuity correction 
## ------------------------------------------------------------
## Chi^2 =  338.8096     d.f. =  1     p =  1.159122e-75 
## 
## 
crosstable_result <- CrossTable(data_fmh$hypertension, data_fmh$stroke, chisq = TRUE)
## 
##  
##    Cell Contents
## |-------------------------|
## |                       N |
## | Chi-square contribution |
## |           N / Row Total |
## |           N / Col Total |
## |         N / Table Total |
## |-------------------------|
## 
##  
## Total Observations in Table:  11627 
## 
##  
##                       | data_fmh$stroke 
## data_fmh$hypertension |         0 |         1 | Row Total | 
## ----------------------|-----------|-----------|-----------|
##                     0 |      2890 |        95 |      2985 | 
##                       |    11.600 |   115.523 |           | 
##                       |     0.968 |     0.032 |     0.257 | 
##                       |     0.274 |     0.090 |           | 
##                       |     0.249 |     0.008 |           | 
## ----------------------|-----------|-----------|-----------|
##                     1 |      7676 |       966 |      8642 | 
##                       |     4.007 |    39.902 |           | 
##                       |     0.888 |     0.112 |     0.743 | 
##                       |     0.726 |     0.910 |           | 
##                       |     0.660 |     0.083 |           | 
## ----------------------|-----------|-----------|-----------|
##          Column Total |     10566 |      1061 |     11627 | 
##                       |     0.909 |     0.091 |           | 
## ----------------------|-----------|-----------|-----------|
## 
##  
## Statistics for All Table Factors
## 
## 
## Pearson's Chi-squared test 
## ------------------------------------------------------------
## Chi^2 =  171.0328     d.f. =  1     p =  4.401444e-39 
## 
## Pearson's Chi-squared test with Yates' continuity correction 
## ------------------------------------------------------------
## Chi^2 =  170.07     d.f. =  1     p =  7.142933e-39 
## 
## 
#################################
table1(~  sex + tot.chol + age + sysbp + diasbp + smoker + cigs.day  + bmi + diabetes +
         bpmed + heart.rate + glucose + educ + prev.chd + prev.ap + prev.mi +
         prev.stroke + prev.hyp + time + period + hdlc + ldlc + death + angina +
         hosp.mi + mi.fchd + any.chd + cvd + hypertension |stroke, data_fmh)
0
(N=10566)
1
(N=1061)
Overall
(N=11627)
sex
1 4534 (42.9%) 488 (46.0%) 5022 (43.2%)
2 6032 (57.1%) 573 (54.0%) 6605 (56.8%)
tot.chol
Mean (SD) 241 (44.9) 243 (49.8) 241 (45.4)
Median [Min, Max] 238 [113, 638] 240 [107, 696] 238 [107, 696]
Missing 376 (3.6%) 33 (3.1%) 409 (3.5%)
age
Mean (SD) 54.2 (9.45) 60.4 (8.90) 54.8 (9.56)
Median [Min, Max] 54.0 [32.0, 81.0] 61.0 [34.0, 81.0] 54.0 [32.0, 81.0]
sysbp
Mean (SD) 135 (21.8) 151 (26.9) 136 (22.8)
Median [Min, Max] 131 [83.5, 244] 147 [94.0, 295] 132 [83.5, 295]
diasbp
Mean (SD) 82.5 (11.3) 88.1 (14.0) 83.0 (11.7)
Median [Min, Max] 81.5 [30.0, 143] 88.0 [51.5, 150] 82.0 [30.0, 150]
smoker
0 5981 (56.6%) 617 (58.2%) 6598 (56.7%)
1 4585 (43.4%) 444 (41.8%) 5029 (43.3%)
cigs.day
Mean (SD) 8.29 (12.2) 7.86 (11.9) 8.25 (12.2)
Median [Min, Max] 0 [0, 90.0] 0 [0, 80.0] 0 [0, 90.0]
Missing 72 (0.7%) 7 (0.7%) 79 (0.7%)
bmi
Mean (SD) 25.8 (4.03) 26.8 (4.68) 25.9 (4.10)
Median [Min, Max] 25.4 [14.4, 56.8] 26.4 [16.9, 55.3] 25.5 [14.4, 56.8]
Missing 42 (0.4%) 10 (0.9%) 52 (0.4%)
diabetes
0 10164 (96.2%) 933 (87.9%) 11097 (95.4%)
1 402 (3.8%) 128 (12.1%) 530 (4.6%)
bpmed
0 9288 (87.9%) 802 (75.6%) 10090 (86.8%)
1 742 (7.0%) 202 (19.0%) 944 (8.1%)
Missing 536 (5.1%) 57 (5.4%) 593 (5.1%)
heart.rate
Mean (SD) 76.7 (12.4) 77.4 (13.0) 76.8 (12.5)
Median [Min, Max] 75.0 [37.0, 220] 75.0 [45.0, 135] 75.0 [37.0, 220]
Missing 3 (0.0%) 3 (0.3%) 6 (0.1%)
glucose
Mean (SD) 83.6 (24.0) 89.2 (33.1) 84.1 (25.0)
Median [Min, Max] 79.0 [39.0, 478] 81.0 [40.0, 410] 80.0 [39.0, 478]
Missing 1320 (12.5%) 120 (11.3%) 1440 (12.4%)
educ
1 4146 (39.2%) 544 (51.3%) 4690 (40.3%)
2 3149 (29.8%) 261 (24.6%) 3410 (29.3%)
3 1752 (16.6%) 133 (12.5%) 1885 (16.2%)
4 1250 (11.8%) 97 (9.1%) 1347 (11.6%)
Missing 269 (2.5%) 26 (2.5%) 295 (2.5%)
prev.chd
0 9887 (93.6%) 898 (84.6%) 10785 (92.8%)
1 679 (6.4%) 163 (15.4%) 842 (7.2%)
prev.ap
0 10050 (95.1%) 950 (89.5%) 11000 (94.6%)
1 516 (4.9%) 111 (10.5%) 627 (5.4%)
prev.mi
0 10271 (97.2%) 982 (92.6%) 11253 (96.8%)
1 295 (2.8%) 79 (7.4%) 374 (3.2%)
prev.stroke
0 10566 (100%) 909 (85.7%) 11475 (98.7%)
1 0 (0%) 152 (14.3%) 152 (1.3%)
prev.hyp
0 5995 (56.7%) 288 (27.1%) 6283 (54.0%)
1 4571 (43.3%) 773 (72.9%) 5344 (46.0%)
time
Mean (SD) 1960 (1760) 1900 (1750) 1960 (1760)
Median [Min, Max] 2160 [0, 4850] 2150 [0, 4700] 2160 [0, 4850]
period
1 4019 (38.0%) 415 (39.1%) 4434 (38.1%)
2 3567 (33.8%) 363 (34.2%) 3930 (33.8%)
3 2980 (28.2%) 283 (26.7%) 3263 (28.1%)
hdlc
Mean (SD) 49.6 (15.6) 46.8 (15.2) 49.4 (15.6)
Median [Min, Max] 48.0 [10.0, 189] 45.0 [11.0, 101] 48.0 [10.0, 189]
Missing 7799 (73.8%) 801 (75.5%) 8600 (74.0%)
ldlc
Mean (SD) 177 (46.5) 175 (50.3) 176 (46.9)
Median [Min, Max] 173 [20.0, 565] 172 [58.0, 338] 173 [20.0, 565]
Missing 7800 (73.8%) 801 (75.5%) 8601 (74.0%)
death
0 7707 (72.9%) 393 (37.0%) 8100 (69.7%)
1 2859 (27.1%) 668 (63.0%) 3527 (30.3%)
angina
0 8917 (84.4%) 808 (76.2%) 9725 (83.6%)
1 1649 (15.6%) 253 (23.8%) 1902 (16.4%)
hosp.mi
0 9602 (90.9%) 871 (82.1%) 10473 (90.1%)
1 964 (9.1%) 190 (17.9%) 1154 (9.9%)
mi.fchd
0 9059 (85.7%) 780 (73.5%) 9839 (84.6%)
1 1507 (14.3%) 281 (26.5%) 1788 (15.4%)
any.chd
0 7865 (74.4%) 604 (56.9%) 8469 (72.8%)
1 2701 (25.6%) 457 (43.1%) 3158 (27.2%)
cvd
0 8728 (82.6%) 0 (0%) 8728 (75.1%)
1 1838 (17.4%) 1061 (100%) 2899 (24.9%)
hypertension
0 2890 (27.4%) 95 (9.0%) 2985 (25.7%)
1 7676 (72.6%) 966 (91.0%) 8642 (74.3%)