Ejercicio 1 - Proyecto Africa
Juan de Avila
2023-03-04
Desde el año pasado, Kaggle organizó una encuesta preguntando a la comunidad de Kaggle sobre el aprendizaje automático y ciencia de datos. Como africano, estoy particularmente interesado en la parte africana de la comunidad debido que, debo admitir, no sé casi nada sobre mis compatriotas africanos.
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library(gridExtra)##
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## combinelibrary(ggforce)Datasets
Para ello utilizaré tres conjuntos de datos:
Un dataset personalizado con la lista de países presentes en la encuesta de 2018 y cada continente correspondiente.
## Warning: One or more parsing issues, call `problems()` on your data frame for details,
## e.g.:
## dat <- vroom(...)
## problems(dat)## Rows: 15893 Columns: 228
## ── Column specification ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## Delimiter: ","
## chr (215): GenderSelect, Country, Age, EmploymentStatus, StudentStatus, Lear...
## dbl (5): JobSkillImportanceDegree, LearningCategorySelftTaught, LearningCa...
## lgl (8): LearningPlatformUsefulnessSO, LearningPlatformUsefulnessTradeBook...
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## ℹ Specify the column types or set `show_col_types = FALSE` to quiet this message.## Warning: One or more parsing issues, call `problems()` on your data frame for details,
## e.g.:
## dat <- vroom(...)
## problems(dat)## Rows: 23861 Columns: 395
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## chr (126): Time from Start to Finish (seconds), Q1, Q1_OTHER_TEXT, Q2, Q3, Q...
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## lgl (236): Q16_Part_10, Q16_Part_12, Q16_Part_13, Q16_Part_14, Q16_Part_15, ...
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## Rows: 56 Columns: 2
## ── Column specification ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
## Delimiter: ","
## chr (2): Country, Continent
##
## ℹ Use `spec()` to retrieve the full column specification for this data.
## ℹ Specify the column types or set `show_col_types = FALSE` to quiet this message.# STRING PROCESSING
# countries
multipleChoice18$Q3 <- str_replace(multipleChoice18$Q3,"Iran, Islamic Republic of...","Iran")
multipleChoice18$Q3 <- str_replace(multipleChoice18$Q3,"I do not wish to disclose my location","Won't disclose")
multipleChoice18$Q3 <- str_replace(multipleChoice18$Q3,"United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland","UK and NI")
multipleChoice18$Q3 <- str_replace(multipleChoice18$Q3,"United States of America","USA")
continents$Country <- str_replace(continents$Country,"Iran, Islamic Republic of...","Iran")
continents$Country <- str_replace(continents$Country,"I do not wish to disclose my location","Won't disclose")
continents$Country <- str_replace(continents$Country,"United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland","UK and NI")
continents$Country <- str_replace(continents$Country,"United States of America","USA")
# CONVERT CATEGORICAL DATA TO FACTOR
# age groups
multipleChoice18$Q2 <- factor(multipleChoice18$Q2,
levels = c("18-21","22-24","25-29",
"30-34","35-39","40-44",
"45-49","50-54","55-59",
"60-69","70-79","80+"),
labels = c("18-21","22-24","25-29",
"30-34","35-39","40-44",
"45-49","50-54","55-59",
"60-69","70-79","80+"))
# degree
multipleChoice18$Q4 <- factor(multipleChoice18$Q4,
levels = c("Doctoral degree","Master’s degree","Bachelor’s degree","Professional degree",
"No formal education past high school",
"Some college/university study without earning a bachelor’s degree",
"I prefer not to answer"),
labels = c("PhD","Master","Bachelor","Professional",
"High school","No degree","Won't disclose"))
# undergraduate major
multipleChoice18$Q5 <- factor(multipleChoice18$Q5,
levels = c("Medical or life sciences (biology, chemistry, medicine, etc.)",
"Computer science (software engineering, etc.)",
"Engineering (non-computer focused)",
"Mathematics or statistics",
"A business discipline (accounting, economics, finance, etc.)",
"Environmental science or geology",
"Social sciences (anthropology, psychology, sociology, etc.)",
"Physics or astronomy",
"Information technology, networking, or system administration",
"I never declared a major",
"Other",
"Humanities (history, literature, philosophy, etc.)") ,
labels = c("Medical/life sciences", "Computer science",
"Engineering", "Mathematics/statistics",
"A business discipline", "Physics/astronomy",
"IT/Network/Sys. admin", "No major declared",
"Humanities", "Env. science", "Social sciences", "Other"))
# In what industry is your current employer?
multipleChoice18$Q7 <- factor(multipleChoice18$Q7,
levels = c("Retail/Sales", "I am a student",
"Computers/Technology", "Accounting/Finance",
"Academics/Education",
"Insurance/Risk Assessment","Other",
"Energy/Mining", "Non-profit/Service",
"Marketing/CRM", "Government/Public Service",
"Manufacturing/Fabrication",
"Online Service/Internet-based Services",
"Broadcasting/Communications",
"Medical/Pharmaceutical",
"Online Business/Internet-based Sales",
"Military/Security/Defense",
"Shipping/Transportation",
"Hospitality/Entertainment/Sports"),
labels = c("Retail / Sales", "Student",
"Computers / Technology", "Accounting / Finance",
"Academics / Education",
"Insurance / Risk Assessment","Other",
"Energy / Mining", "Non-profit / Service",
"Marketing / CRM", "Government / Public Service",
"Manufacturing / Fabrication",
"Online Service / Internet-based Services",
"Broadcasting / Communications",
"Medical / Pharmaceutical",
"Online Business / Internet-based Sales",
"Military / Security/Defense",
"Shipping / Transportation",
"Hospitality / Entertainment/Sports"))
# experience in current role
multipleChoice18$Q8 <- factor(multipleChoice18$Q8, levels = c("0-1","1-2","2-3",
"3-4","4-5","5-10",
"10-15","15-20","20-25",
"25-30","30+"))
# yearly compensation
multipleChoice18$Q9 <- factor(multipleChoice18$Q9,
levels = c("I do not wish to disclose my approximate yearly compensation",
"0-10,000","10-20,000","20-30,000","30-40,000",
"40-50,000","50-60,000","60-70,000","70-80,000",
"80-90,000","90-100,000","100-125,000",
"125-150,000","150-200,000","200-250,000",
"250-300,000","300-400,000", "400-500,000","500,000+"),
labels = c("Won't disclose",
"0-10,000","10-20,000","20-30,000","30-40,000",
"40-50,000","50-60,000","60-70,000","70-80,000",
"80-90,000","90-100,000","100-125,000",
"125-150,000","150-200,000","200-250,000",
"250-300,000","300-400,000", "400-500,000","500,000+"))
# time spent coding
multipleChoice18$Q23 <- factor(multipleChoice18$Q23, levels = c("0% of my time",
"1% to 25% of my time",
"25% to 49% of my time",
"50% to 74% of my time",
"75% to 99% of my time",
"100% of my time"),
labels = c("0%","1% to 25%","25% to 49%",
"50% to 74%","75% to 99%","100%"))
# coding experience
multipleChoice18$Q24 <- factor(multipleChoice18$Q24,
levels = c("I have never written code and I do not want to learn",
"I have never written code but I want to learn",
"< 1 year","1-2 years","3-5 years","5-10 years",
"10-20 years","20-30 years","30-40 years", "40+ years") ,
labels = c("I don't write code and don't want to learn",
"I don't write code but want to learn",
"< 1 year", "1-2 years", "3-5 years",
"5-10 years", "10-20 years","20-30 years","30-40 years", "40+ years")
)
# For how many years have you used machine learning methods
multipleChoice18$Q25 <- factor(multipleChoice18$Q25,
levels = c("I have never studied machine learning and I do not plan to",
"I have never studied machine learning but plan to learn in the future",
"< 1 year", "1-2 years", "2-3 years", "3-4 years", "4-5 years",
"5-10 years", "10-15 years", "20+ years"),
labels = c("Never studied, do not plan to",
"Never studied, plan to learn",
"< 1 year", "1-2 years", "2-3 years", "3-4 years", "4-5 years",
"5-10 years", "10-15 years", "20+ years"))
# use of machine learning in industries
multipleChoice18$Q10 <- factor(multipleChoice18$Q10,
levels = c("I do not know",
"No (we do not use ML methods)",
"We are exploring ML methods (and may one day put a model into production)",
"We recently started using ML methods (i.e., models in production for less than 2 years)",
"We have well established ML methods (i.e., models in production for more than 2 years)",
"We use ML methods for generating insights (but do not put working models into production)"),
labels = c("I do not know", "No", "Exploring ML methods",
"Recently started", "Well established ML methods",
"For generating insights"))
# expertise in data science
multipleChoice18$Q40 <- factor(multipleChoice18$Q40,
levels = c("Independent projects are equally important as academic achievements",
"Independent projects are much more important than academic achievements",
"Independent projects are slightly more important than academic achievements",
"Independent projects are slightly less important than academic achievements",
"Independent projects are much less important than academic achievements",
"No opinion; I do not know"),
labels = c("Equally important",
"Much more important",
"Slightly more important",
"Less important",
"Much less important",
"No opinion/Don't know"))
# are you a data scientist?
multipleChoice18$Q26 <- factor(multipleChoice18$Q26,
levels = c("Definitely yes", "Probably yes", "Maybe",
"Probably not", "Definitely not"),
labels = c("Definitely yes", "Probably yes", "Maybe",
"Probably not", "Definitely not"))Quiénes somos nosotros?
País de residencia
Hay 62 países representados en la encuesta. Los países que tienen menos de 50 encuestados se agruparon en la categoría de Otros, además, algunos de los encuestados no querían revelar información.
De todos los países representados en la encuesta, 6 de ellos son africanos. En términos de número total de participantes, estos representan 35 o el 0,15% del número total de encuestados. Este valor es relativamente bajo, pero aun así sitúa al continente africano en la quinta posición. Oceanía es entonces el continente menos representado con 407 encuestados, mientras que Asia es el más representado.
newMultipleChoice %>%
group_by(Continent) %>%
summarise(Count = length(Continent)) %>%
mutate(highlight_flag = ifelse((Continent == "Africa"), T, F)) %>%
ggplot(aes(x = reorder(Continent,-Count), y = Count, fill = Continent)) +
geom_bar(aes(fill = highlight_flag), stat = "identity", color = "grey") +
geom_text(aes(label =as.character(Count)),
position = position_dodge(width = 1),
hjust = 0.5, vjust = -0.25, size = 3) +
scale_fill_brewer(palette = "PuBu") +
scale_x_discrete(labels = function(x) str_wrap(x, width = 5))+
theme(plot.title = element_text(size = 15, hjust = 0.5),
axis.text.x = element_text(size = 12),
axis.text.y = element_text(size = 12),
legend.position = "none",
legend.text = element_text(size = 11)) +
labs(title = "Number of respondents",
x = "", y = "Count", fill = "",
caption = "Africa and the world")
En comparación con el año anterior, el número de encuestados africanos muestra un aumento significativo del 133,33%.
p1 <- df %>%
group_by(Country,Year) %>%
summarise(Count = length(Country)) %>%
ggplot(aes(x = Year, y = Count, group = Country)) +
geom_line(aes(color = Country), size = 0.5) +
geom_point(aes(color = Country), size = 4) +
theme(plot.title = element_text(size = 15, hjust = 0.5),
plot.subtitle = element_text(hjust = 0.5),
axis.text = element_text(size = 12),
legend.position = "bottom",
legend.title=element_blank(),
legend.text = element_text(size = 10)) +
labs(title = "Number of respondents",
x = "", y = "Count", fill = "", caption = "")## `summarise()` has grouped output by 'Country'. You can override using the
## `.groups` argument.## Warning: Using `size` aesthetic for lines was deprecated in ggplot2 3.4.0.
## ℹ Please use `linewidth` instead.p2 <- afroCountries %>%
group_by(Q1,Q3) %>%
filter(Q1 == "Female" | Q1 == "Male") %>%
summarise(Count = length(Q3)) %>%
ggplot(aes(x = reorder(Q3,-Count), y = Count, fill = Q1)) +
geom_bar(stat = "identity") +
scale_fill_brewer(palette = "Paired") +
scale_x_discrete(labels = function(x) str_wrap(x, width = 5)) +
theme(plot.title = element_text(size = 15, hjust = 0.5),
axis.text = element_text(size = 12),
axis.text.x = element_text(angle = -90, hjust = 0, vjust = 0.5),
legend.position = "top",
legend.text = element_text(size = 10)) +
labs(title = "Country of residence", x = "", y = "", fill = "",
caption = "About us")## `summarise()` has grouped output by 'Q1'. You can override using the `.groups`
## argument.grid.arrange(p1,p2, ncol = 2)
Además del gran aumento de encuestados en Nigeria, también podemos ver nuevos encuestados como lo son Marruecos y Túnez.
Distribución de Género
Si se observa el gráfico del lado derecho de la figura anterior, se ve que la cantidad de mujeres es baja en comparación con la de hombres. Esto es el caso de todos los países. No obstante, cuando se comparó la proporción de mujeres y hombres de todos los países, se pudo ver que:
- Túnez tiene la más alta proporción de mujeres a hombres, del mismo modo, cinco de los seis países africanos presentes en esta encuesta se encuentran entre los 15 países con la proporción más alta de mujeres a hombres.
multipleChoice18 %>%
group_by(Q1,Q3) %>%
filter(Q1 == "Female" | Q1 == "Male") %>%
filter(!is.na(Q3)) %>%
summarise(Count = n()) %>%
spread(Q1,Count) %>%
mutate(ratio = Female/Male) %>%
mutate(highlight_flag = ifelse((Q3 == "Egypt" | Q3 == "Kenya" | Q3 == "Morocco" |
Q3 == "Nigeria" | Q3 == "Tunisia" | Q3 == "South Africa"), T, F)) %>%
ggplot(aes(x = reorder(Q3,-ratio), y = ratio, fill = ratio)) +
geom_bar(aes(fill = highlight_flag), stat = "identity") +
scale_fill_brewer(palette = "Paired") +
theme(legend.position = "none",
plot.title = element_text(size = 15, hjust = 0.5),
axis.text.y = element_text(size = 11),
axis.text.x = element_text(size = 9.5, angle = -90,
hjust = 0 , vjust = 0.5)) +
labs(title = "Female to Male ratio",
x = "", y = "Ratio", fill = "",
caption = "About us")## `summarise()` has grouped output by 'Q1'. You can override using the `.groups`
## argument.## Warning: Removed 13 rows containing missing values (`position_stack()`).
Nigeria tiene la proporción más baja entre mujeres y hombres en África, pero, como dato curioso, tiene el mayor número de encuestados. Cabe resaltar, en comparación con los demás continentes, África ocupa el segundo lugar después de América del Norte.
newMultipleChoice %>%
group_by(Continent,Q1) %>%
filter(Q1 == "Female" | Q1 == "Male") %>%
summarise(Count = n()) %>%
spread(Q1,Count) %>%
mutate(ratio = Female/Male) %>%
mutate(highlight_flag = ifelse((Continent == "Africa"), T, F)) %>%
ggplot(aes(x = reorder(Continent,-ratio), y = ratio, fill = ratio)) +
geom_bar(aes(fill = highlight_flag), stat = "identity", color = "grey") +
scale_fill_brewer(palette = "PuBu") +
scale_x_discrete(labels = function(x) str_wrap(x, width = 5))+
theme(legend.position = "none",
plot.title = element_text(size = 15, hjust = 0.5),
axis.text.y = element_text(size = 12),
axis.text.x = element_text(size = 12)) +
labs(title = "Female to Male ratio",
x = "", y = "Ratio", fill = "",
caption = "Africa and the world")## `summarise()` has grouped output by 'Continent'. You can override using the
## `.groups` argument.
Still, this is very promising.
Distribución de edad
Más de la mitad de los encuestados tienen entre 22 y 29 años, y no hay encuestados que tengan más de 69 años. Los hombres tienen en su mayoría entre 22 y 24 años, a diferencia de la distribución general de edad, donde la mayoría se encuentra en el grupo de edad de 25 a 29 años. La mayoría de las mujeres se encuentran en el grupo de edad de 25 a 29 años, al igual que la mayoría de las mujeres en todos los países.
Para destacar, hay que decir que no hay mujeres en algunos grupos.
## `summarise()` has grouped output by 'Q1'. You can override using the `.groups`
## argument.ggplot(data = temp,
aes(x = Q2, fill = Q1)) +
geom_bar(data = filter(temp, Q1 == "Male"), aes(y = Count), stat = "identity") +
geom_bar(data = filter(temp, Q1 == "Female"), aes(y = -1*Count), stat = "identity") +
scale_y_continuous(breaks = seq(-50,150,50),
labels = as.character(c(seq(50,0,-50), seq(50,150,50)))) +
scale_fill_brewer(palette = "Paired") +
coord_flip() +
theme(plot.title = element_text(size = 15, hjust = 0.5),
axis.text = element_text(size = 12),
legend.position = "top",
legend.text = element_text(size = 11)) +
labs(title = "Age distribution in Africa",
x = "Age group (years)", y = "Count", fill = "",
caption = "")
Alrededor del 75% de los africanos son menores de 29 años.
Educación
Grado
África es el único continente donde la licenciatura es el título más obtenido. A diferencia de este, en los demás continentes, el título de maestría es el más obtenido, especialmente en Europa, donde los titulares de doctorados también son los más altos.
p1 <- newMultipleChoice %>%
group_by(Continent,Q4) %>%
filter(!is.na(Q4)) %>%
summarise(Count = length(Continent)) %>%
mutate(pct = round(prop.table(Count)*100,2)) %>%
ggplot(aes(x = Q4, y = pct, group = Continent)) +
geom_line(aes(color = Continent), size = 0.5) +
geom_point(aes(color = Continent), size = 2) +
scale_x_discrete(labels = function(x) str_wrap(x,width = 5)) +
scale_y_discrete(labels = function(x) str_wrap(x, width = 30))+
theme(plot.title = element_text(size = 15, hjust = 0.5),
axis.text = element_text(size = 12),
axis.text.x = element_text(angle = -90, hjust = 0, vjust = 0.5),
legend.position = "top",
legend.title = element_blank(),
legend.text = element_text(size = 11)) +
labs(title = "Educational background",
x = "", y = "%", fill = "",
caption = "")## `summarise()` has grouped output by 'Continent'. You can override using the
## `.groups` argument.p2 <- afroCountries %>%
group_by(Q1,Q4) %>%
filter(Q1 == "Female" | Q1 == "Male") %>%
filter(!is.na(Q4)) %>%
summarise(Count = length(Q4)) %>%
mutate(pct = round(prop.table(Count)*100,2)) %>%
ggplot(aes(x = "", y = pct, fill = Q4)) +
geom_col(width = 1) +
scale_fill_brewer(palette = "Set3") +
facet_grid(Q1~.) +
theme(plot.title = element_text(size = 15, hjust = 0.5),
axis.text = element_text(size = 12),
legend.text = element_text(size = 11)) +
labs(title = "Degree",
x = "", y = "", fill = "Degree",
caption = "About us")## `summarise()` has grouped output by 'Q1'. You can override using the `.groups`
## argument.grid.arrange(p1,p2,ncol = 2)
Es importante mencionar que cuando se mira en África, el porcentaje de mujeres que obtienen títulos de maestría y doctorado es mucho más alto en comparación a el de los hombres. Además, solo un pequeño porcentaje de ellas no tiene ningún título, siendo esto un caso que no ocurre en hombres.
Título Universitario
La carrera más popular entre los africanos es la informática. Las otras carreras más populares son matemáticas y/o estadística e ingeniería.
newMultipleChoice %>%
group_by(Continent,Q5) %>%
filter(!is.na(Q5)) %>%
summarise(Count = length(Q5)) %>%
mutate(pct = round(prop.table(Count)*100,2)) %>%
ggplot() +
geom_point(mapping = aes(x = Continent, y = reorder(Q5,pct),
size = pct, color = Q5)) +
scale_fill_gradient(low = "salmon1", high = "blue") +
scale_x_discrete(labels = function(x) str_wrap(x,width = 5)) +
theme(plot.title = element_text(size = 15, hjust = 0.5),
axis.text.y = element_text(size = 11),
axis.text.x = element_text(size = 12),
legend.position = "none",
legend.text = element_text(size = 11)) +
labs(title = "Undergraduate major",
x = "", y = "", fill = "",
caption = "Africa and the world")## `summarise()` has grouped output by 'Continent'. You can override using the
## `.groups` argument.
En África, el porcentaje de mujeres encuestadas con formación en informática es superior al de los hombres. Lo mismo ocurre con Matemáticas/Estadística.
Además, un mayor porcentaje de hombres no ha declarado ninguna formación. Esto puede ser debido a que algunos de ellos no poseen títulos universitarios.
afroCountries %>%
group_by(Q1,Q5) %>%
filter(Q1 == "Female" | Q1 == "Male") %>%
filter(!is.na(Q5)) %>%
summarise(Count = length(Q5)) %>%
mutate(pct = round(prop.table(Count)*100,2)) %>%
ggplot(aes(x = reorder(Q5,-pct), y = pct, group = Q1)) +
geom_point(aes(color = Q1), size = 2) + geom_line(aes(color = Q1), size = 1) +
scale_fill_brewer(palette = "Set3") +
scale_x_discrete(labels = function(x) str_wrap(x,width = 10)) +
theme(plot.title = element_text(size = 15, hjust = 0.5),
axis.text.y = element_text(size = 11),
axis.text.x = element_text(size = 12, angle = -90,hjust = 0,vjust = 0.5),
legend.position = "top",
legend.title = element_blank(),
legend.text = element_text(size = 11)) +
labs(title = "Undergraduate major",
x = "", y = "%", fill = "",
caption = "About us")## `summarise()` has grouped output by 'Q1'. You can override using the `.groups`
## argument.
Experiencia profesional
Función actual y sector de actividad
África y Asia tienen la más alta proporción de estudiantes. En cambio, en Sudamérica, Europa y Norteamérica, la mayor proporción de encuestados trabaja en ciencia de datos.
newMultipleChoice %>%
group_by(Continent,Q6) %>%
filter(!is.na(Q6)) %>%
summarise(Count = length(Continent)) %>%
mutate(pct = round(prop.table(Count)*100,2)) %>%
ggplot() +
geom_point(mapping = aes(x = Continent, y = reorder(Q6,pct),
size = 5*pct, color = Q6)) +
scale_x_discrete(labels = function(x) str_wrap(x,width = 8)) +
theme(plot.title = element_text(size = 15, hjust = 0.5),
axis.text = element_text(size = 12),
axis.text.y = element_text(size = 10),
legend.position = "none",
legend.text = element_text(size = 11)) +
labs(title = "Current role",
x = "", y = "", fill = "",
caption = "Africa and the world")## `summarise()` has grouped output by 'Continent'. You can override using the
## `.groups` argument.
Alrededor del 25% de los encuestados son estudiantes. Los puestos más representados son los de científico de datos, analista de datos e ingeniero de software.
afroCountries %>%
group_by(Q1,Q6) %>%
filter(Q1 == "Female" | Q1 == "Male") %>%
filter(!is.na(Q6)) %>%
summarise(Count = length(Q6)) %>%
mutate(pct = round(prop.table(Count)*100,2)) %>%
ggplot(aes(x = reorder(Q6,-pct), y = pct, group = Q1)) +
geom_point(aes(color = Q1), size = 2) + geom_line(aes(color = Q1), size = 1) +
scale_x_discrete(labels = function(x) str_wrap(x,width = 10)) +
theme(plot.title = element_text(size = 15, hjust = 0.5),
axis.text.y = element_text(size = 12),
axis.text.x = element_text(size = 11, angle = -90,
hjust = 0, vjust = 0.5),
legend.position = "top",
legend.title = element_blank(),
legend.text = element_text(size = 11)) +
labs(title = "Current role", x = "", y = "%", fill = "",
caption = "About us")## `summarise()` has grouped output by 'Q1'. You can override using the `.groups`
## argument.
En el gráfico se puede ver que el porcentaje de estudiantes hombres es mayor que el de mujeres. También se puede ver que las mujeres sufren menos el desempleo
Importante mencionar que la mayoría de los periodistas de datos proceden de Túnez y Nigeria. A diferencia de Sudáfrica que es donde se encuentra la mayoría de científicos de datos.
afroCountries %>%
group_by(Q6,Q3) %>%
filter(!is.na(Q6)) %>%
summarise(Count = length(Q6)) %>%
mutate(pct = round(prop.table(Count)*100,2))%>%
ggplot(aes(x = Q6, y = Q3, fill = pct)) +
geom_tile(size = 0.5, show.legend = TRUE) +
scale_fill_gradient(low = "salmon1", high = "blue") +
theme(plot.title = element_text(size = 15, hjust = 0.5),
axis.text.x = element_text(size = 12, angle = -90, hjust = 0, vjust = 0.5),
axis.text.y = element_text(size = 12),
legend.text = element_text(size = 11)) +
labs(title = "Current role by country",
x = "", y = "", fill = "",
caption = "About us")## `summarise()` has grouped output by 'Q6'. You can override using the `.groups`
## argument.
# 2017
p1 <- afroCountries17 %>%
group_by(CurrentJobTitleSelect) %>%
filter(!is.na(CurrentJobTitleSelect)) %>%
summarise(Count = length(CurrentJobTitleSelect)) %>%
ggplot(aes(x = reorder(CurrentJobTitleSelect, Count), y = Count, fill = CurrentJobTitleSelect)) +
geom_col() +
coord_flip() +
theme(plot.title = element_text(size = 15, hjust = 0.5),
plot.subtitle = element_text(hjust = 0.5),
axis.text.y = element_text(size = 8),
axis.text.x = element_text(size = 11),
legend.position = "none") +
labs(title = "Current role", subtitle = "2017", x = "", y = "Count", fill = "",
caption = "")
# 2018
p2 <- afroCountries %>%
group_by(Q6) %>%
filter(Q6 != "Student") %>%
filter(!is.na(Q6)) %>%
summarise(Count = length(Q6)) %>%
ggplot(aes(x = reorder(Q6, Count), y = Count, fill = Q6)) +
geom_col() +
coord_flip()+
theme(plot.title = element_text(size = 15, hjust = 0.5),
plot.subtitle = element_text(hjust = 0.5),
axis.text.y = element_text(size = 8),
axis.text.x = element_text(size = 11),
legend.position = "none") +
labs(title = "Current role", subtitle = "2018", x = "", y = "Count", fill = "",
caption = "About us")
grid.arrange(p1,p2, ncol = 2)
Experiencia en el puesto actual
La mayoría tiene menos de un año de experiencia. Excepto en el caso de cinco puestos (consultor, director, gestor de proyectos, investigador científico y comercial), la mayoría (más del 50%) de los encuestados que trabajan en cada categoría tienen menos de tres años. Los científicos de datos, los periodistas de datos y los analistas de datos, en particular, tienen en su mayoría menos de un año de experiencia.
Dada la distribución por edades de los encuestados. La mayoría son jóvenes profesionales.
afroCountries %>%
group_by(Q6,Q8) %>%
filter(!is.na(Q6)) %>%
filter(!is.na(Q8)) %>%
summarise(Count = length(Q8)) %>%
mutate(pct = round(prop.table(Count)*100,2))%>%
ggplot(aes(x = Q8, y = Q6, fill = Count)) +
geom_tile(size = 0.5, show.legend = TRUE) +
scale_fill_gradient(low = "salmon1", high = "blue") +
geom_text(aes(label = as.character(Count)), color = "white", size = 3) +
theme(legend.position = "none",
plot.title = element_text(size = 15, hjust = 0.5),
axis.text.x = element_text(size = 11,
hjust = 0, vjust = 0.5),
axis.text.y = element_text(size = 9),
legend.text = element_text(size = 11)) +
labs(title = "Experience in current role",
x = "Years", y = "", fill = "",
caption = "About us")## `summarise()` has grouped output by 'Q6'. You can override using the `.groups`
## argument.
Uso del aprendizaje automático en la industria
La mayoría de los estudiantes no conocen el aprendizaje automático en sus escuelas. La mayoría de las industrias no implementan métodos de aprendizaje automático.
afroCountries %>%
group_by(Q6,Q10) %>%
filter(!is.na(Q10)) %>%
summarise(Count = length(Q10)) %>%
mutate(pct = round(prop.table(Count)*100,2))%>%
ggplot(aes(x = Q10, y = Q6, fill = pct)) +
geom_tile(size = 0.5, show.legend = TRUE) +
scale_fill_gradient(low = "salmon1", high = "blue") +
geom_text(aes(label = as.character(Count)),
hjust = 0.5,vjust = 0.5, size = 3, color = "white") +
scale_x_discrete(labels = function(x) str_wrap(x, width = 15)) +
theme(plot.title = element_text(size = 15, hjust = 0.5),
axis.text.x = element_text(size = 11),
axis.text.y = element_text(size = 10),
legend.position = "none",
legend.text = element_text(size = 11)) +
labs(title = "Use of ML in industries",
x = "", y = "", fill = "",
caption = "Machine learning usage")## `summarise()` has grouped output by 'Q6'. You can override using the `.groups`
## argument.
Actividades laborales
Se evidencia que la mayoría analiza y comprende los datos para influir en las decisiones sobre productos o negocios. También realizan cada una de las tareas en algún momento, algunas mucho más que otras:
Los asistentes de investigación y los científicos investigan más que los demás.
Los ingenieros de bases de datos y datos construyen y gestionan infraestructuras de datos.
Los vendedores y los periodistas de datos no realizan ninguna de estas tareas.
afroCountries %>%
select(Q6,Q11_Part_1,Q11_Part_2, Q11_Part_3,Q11_Part_4,Q11_Part_5,Q11_Part_6,Q11_Part_7)%>%
gather(2:8, key = "questions", value = "Function")%>%
group_by(Q6,Function)%>%
filter(!is.na(Function))%>%
summarise(Count = length(Function))%>%
mutate(pct = prop.table(Count)*100)%>%
ggplot(aes(x = Function, y = Q6, fill = pct)) +
geom_tile(size = 0.5, show.legend = TRUE) +
scale_fill_gradient(low = "salmon1", high = "blue") +
geom_text(aes(label = as.character(Count)),
hjust = 0.5,vjust = 0.5, size = 3, color = "white") +
scale_x_discrete(labels = function(x) str_wrap(x, width = 15)) +
theme(plot.title = element_text(size = 15, hjust = 0.5),
axis.text.x = element_text(size = 9),
axis.text.y = element_text(size = 9),
legend.position = "none") +
labs(title = "Day to day function",
x = "", y = "", fill = "",
caption = "Machine learning use")## `summarise()` has grouped output by 'Q6'. You can override using the `.groups`
## argument.
Experiencia en codificación
¿Cuánto tiempo lleva codificando para analizar datos?
La mayoría lleva codificando menos de 5 años, especialmente las mujeres. La mayoría de ellos están empezando y tienen 1-2 años de experiencia.
p1 <- afroCountries %>%
filter(Q1 == "Female" | Q1 == "Male") %>%
group_by(Q1,Q24) %>%
filter(!is.na(Q24)) %>%
summarise(Count = length(Q24)) %>%
ggplot(aes(x = Q24, y = Count, fill = Q1)) +
geom_col() +
scale_fill_brewer(palette = "Paired") +
scale_x_discrete(labels = function(x) str_wrap(x, width = 15)) +
theme(plot.title = element_text(size = 15, hjust = 0.5),
axis.text = element_text(size = 12),
axis.text.x = element_text(size = 10, angle = -90,hjust = 0,vjust = 0.5),
legend.position = "top",
legend.text = element_text(size = 11)) +
labs(title = "Coding experience",
x = "", y = "Count", fill = "")## `summarise()` has grouped output by 'Q1'. You can override using the `.groups`
## argument.p2 <- afroCountries %>%
group_by(Q3,Q24) %>%
filter(!is.na(Q3)) %>%
filter(!is.na(Q24)) %>%
summarise(Count = length(Q24)) %>%
mutate(pct = round(prop.table(Count)*100,2)) %>%
ggplot(aes(x = Q24, y = pct, group = Q3)) +
geom_point(aes(color = Q3), size = 1.5) + geom_line(aes(color = Q3), size = 0.5) +
scale_fill_brewer(palette = "Set3") +
scale_x_discrete(labels = function(x) str_wrap(x,width = 15)) +
theme(plot.title = element_text(size = 15, hjust = 0.5),
axis.text.y = element_text(size = 11),
axis.text.x = element_text(size = 10, angle = -90,hjust = 0,vjust = 0.5),
legend.position = "top",
legend.title = element_blank(),
legend.text = element_text(size = 11)) +
labs(title = "Coding experience by country",
x = "", y = "%", fill = "",
caption = "About us")## `summarise()` has grouped output by 'Q3'. You can override using the `.groups`
## argument.grid.arrange(p1,p2,ncol = 2)## `geom_line()`: Each group consists of only one observation.
## ℹ Do you need to adjust the group aesthetic?
Los ingenieros de datos tienen el mayor porcentaje de experiencia en codificación, con 5-10 años. A diferencia de la mayoría de los científicos de investigación que tienen de 3-5 años de experiencia en codificación.
afroCountries %>%
group_by(Q6,Q24) %>%
filter(!is.na(Q24)) %>%
summarise(Count = length(Q24)) %>%
mutate(pct = round(prop.table(Count)*100,2))%>%
ggplot(aes(x = Q24, y = Q6, fill = pct)) +
geom_tile(size = 0.5, show.legend = TRUE) +
scale_x_discrete(labels = function(x) str_wrap(x, width = 15)) +
scale_fill_gradient(low = "salmon1", high = "blue") +
geom_text(aes(label = as.character(Count)), color = "white", size = 3.5) +
theme(legend.position = "none",
plot.title = element_text(size = 15, hjust = 0.5),
axis.text.x = element_text(size = 11, angle = -90,
hjust = 0, vjust = 0.5),
axis.text.y = element_text(size = 9),
legend.text = element_text(size = 11)) +
labs(title = "Coding experience", x = "", y = "",
caption = "Coding experience")## `summarise()` has grouped output by 'Q6'. You can override using the `.groups`
## argument.
Lenguajes de programación
Lenguaje de programación más utilizado
El lenguaje de programación más utilizado por los encuestados depende su puesto actual. En su mayoría la gente utiliza más Python, pero los estadísticos entre los encuestados utilizan sobre todo R. Los ingenieros de bases de datos que prefieren SQL.
afroCountries %>%
group_by(Q6,Q17) %>%
filter(!is.na(Q17)) %>%
summarise(Count = length(Q17)) %>%
mutate(pct = round(prop.table(Count)*100,2))%>%
ggplot(aes(x = reorder(Q17,-pct), y = Q6, fill = pct)) +
geom_tile(size = 0.5, show.legend = TRUE) +
scale_x_discrete(labels = function(x) str_wrap(x, width = 15)) +
scale_fill_gradient(low = "salmon1", high = "blue") +
geom_text(aes(label = as.character(Count)), color = "white", size = 3) +
theme(legend.position = "none",
plot.title = element_text(size = 15, hjust = 0.5),
axis.text.x = element_text(size = 11, angle = 45, hjust = 1),
axis.text.y = element_text(size = 9),
legend.text = element_text(size = 11)) +
labs(title = "Most used programming language", x = "", y = "",
caption = "Coding experience")## `summarise()` has grouped output by 'Q6'. You can override using the `.groups`
## argument.
afroCountries %>%
group_by(Q6,Q18) %>%
filter(!is.na(Q18)) %>%
summarise(Count = length(Q18)) %>%
mutate(pct = round(prop.table(Count)*100,2))%>%
ggplot(aes(x = reorder(Q18,-pct), y = Q6, fill = pct)) +
geom_tile(size = 0.5, show.legend = TRUE) +
scale_x_discrete(labels = function(x) str_wrap(x, width = 15)) +
scale_fill_gradient(low = "salmon1", high = "blue") +
geom_text(aes(label = as.character(Count)), color = "white", size = 3) +
theme(legend.position = "none",
plot.title = element_text(size = 15, hjust = 0.5),
axis.text.x = element_text(size = 11),
axis.text.y = element_text(size = 9),
legend.text = element_text(size = 11)) +
labs(title = "Recommended programming language", x = "", y = "",
caption = "Coding experience")## `summarise()` has grouped output by 'Q6'. You can override using the `.groups`
## argument.
afroCountries %>%
group_by(Q17,Q18) %>%
filter(!is.na(Q17)) %>%
filter(!is.na(Q18)) %>%
summarise(Count = length(Q17)) %>%
mutate(pct = round(prop.table(Count)*100,2))%>%
ggplot(aes(x = reorder(Q17,pct), y = Q18, fill = pct)) +
geom_tile(size = 0.5, show.legend = TRUE) +
scale_fill_gradient(low = "salmon1", high = "blue") +
scale_x_discrete(labels = function(x) str_wrap(x, width = 20))+
geom_text(aes(label = as.character(Count)), color = "white", size = 3) +
theme(legend.position = "none",
plot.title = element_text(size = 15, hjust = 0.5),
axis.text = element_text(size = 11),
axis.text.x = element_text(angle = 35, hjust = 1),
legend.text = element_text(size = 11)) +
labs(title = "Most used vs. Recommended programming languages",
x = "Most used", y = "Recommended",
caption = "Coding experience")## `summarise()` has grouped output by 'Q17'. You can override using the `.groups`
## argument.
Tiempo dedicado activamente a la codificación
Los hombres le dedican más tiempo a la programación que las mujeres. Se ha evidenciado que los hombres tienen mucha más experiencia en codificación que las mujeres.
afroCountries %>%
group_by(Q1,Q23) %>%
filter(Q1 == "Female" | Q1 == "Male") %>%
filter(!is.na(Q23)) %>%
summarise(Count = length(Q23)) %>%
mutate(pct = round(prop.table(Count)*100,2)) %>%
ggplot(aes(x = Q23, y = pct, group = Q1)) +
geom_point(aes(color = Q1), size = 2) + geom_line(aes(color = Q1), size = 1) +
scale_fill_brewer(palette = "Set3") +
scale_x_discrete(labels = function(x) str_wrap(x,width = 10)) +
theme(plot.title = element_text(size = 15, hjust = 0.5),
axis.text.y = element_text(size = 11),
axis.text.x = element_text(size = 12),
legend.position = "top",
legend.title = element_blank(),
legend.text = element_text(size = 11)) +
labs(title = "Time spent actively coding",
x = "of time", y = "% of people", fill = "",
caption = "Coding experience")## `summarise()` has grouped output by 'Q1'. You can override using the `.groups`
## argument.
## `geom_line()`: Each group consists of only one observation. ℹ Do you need to
## adjust the group aesthetic?
Los estudiantes, los ingenieros de software, los analistas de datos y los científicos de datos son los que más tiempo dedican a la programación, entre el 50 y el 74% de su tiempo.
afroCountries %>%
group_by(Q6,Q23) %>%
filter(!is.na(Q23)) %>%
summarise(Count = length(Q23)) %>%
mutate(pct = round(prop.table(Count)*100,2))%>%
ggplot(aes(x = Q23, y = Q6, fill = pct)) +
geom_tile(size = 0.5, show.legend = TRUE) +
scale_fill_gradient(low = "salmon1", high = "blue") +
geom_text(aes(label = as.character(Count)), color = "white", size = 3.5) +
theme(legend.position = "none",
plot.title = element_text(size = 15, hjust = 0.5),
axis.text = element_text(size = 11),
axis.text.y = element_text(size = 9),
legend.text = element_text(size = 11)) +
labs(title = "Time spent coding",
x = "of time", y = "",
caption = "Coding experience")## `summarise()` has grouped output by 'Q6'. You can override using the `.groups`
## argument.
Entornos de desarrollo interactivos
La IDE más utilizada es Jupyter con Iphyton. El segundo IDE más utilizado es Matlab, siendo este preferido por los investigadores, mientras que los estudiantes prefieren Notepad++. Los ingenieros y analistas de datos eligen RStudio.
afroCountries %>%
select(Q6,30:45)%>%
gather(2:16, key = "questions", value = "IDEs")%>%
group_by(Q6,IDEs)%>%
filter(!is.na(IDEs))%>%
summarise(Count = length(IDEs))%>%
mutate(pct = prop.table(Count)*100)%>%
ggplot(aes(x = reorder(IDEs,-pct), y = Q6, fill = Count)) +
geom_tile(stat = "identity") +
scale_fill_gradient(low = "salmon1", high = "blue") +
geom_text(aes(label = as.character(Count)),
hjust = 0.5,vjust = 0.5, size = 3, color = "white") +
scale_x_discrete(labels = function(x) str_wrap(x, width = 15))+
theme(plot.title = element_text(size = 15, hjust = 0.5),
axis.text.x = element_text(size = 11, angle = -90,
hjust = 0, vjust = 0.5),
axis.text.y = element_text(size = 9),
legend.position = "none",
legend.text = element_text(size = 11)) +
labs(title = "IDEs",
x = "", y = "", fill = "",
caption = "Coding experience")## `summarise()` has grouped output by 'Q6'. You can override using the `.groups`
## argument.
Portátiles alojados
La mayoría de los encuestados no utilizan portátiles alojados. Kaggle kernels es la opción para los que sí lo hacen.
afroCountries %>%
select(Q6,Q14_Part_1:Q14_Part_11)%>%
gather(2:12, key = "questions", value = "Hosted_Notebook")%>%
group_by(Q6,Hosted_Notebook)%>%
filter(!is.na(Hosted_Notebook))%>%
summarise(Count = length(Hosted_Notebook))%>%
mutate(pct = prop.table(Count)*100)%>%
ggplot(aes(x = reorder(Hosted_Notebook,-pct), y = Q6, fill = Count)) +
geom_tile(stat = "identity") +
scale_fill_gradient(low = "salmon1", high = "blue") +
geom_text(aes(label = as.character(Count)),
hjust = 0.5,vjust = 0.5, size = 3, color = "white") +
scale_x_discrete(labels = function(x) str_wrap(x, width = 5))+
theme(plot.title = element_text(size = 15, hjust = 0.5),
plot.subtitle = element_text(hjust = 0.5),
axis.text.x = element_text(size = 11, angle = -90, hjust = 0, vjust = 0.5),
axis.text.y = element_text(size = 9),
legend.position = "none",
legend.text = element_text(size = 11)) +
labs(title = "Hosted notebook used at school or work",
subtitle = "(past 5 years)",
x = "", y = "", fill = "",
caption = "") ## `summarise()` has grouped output by 'Q6'. You can override using the `.groups`
## argument.
Herramienta principal para analizar datos.
La mayoría de los encuestados, especialmente los estudiantes y los científicos de datos, prefieren utilizar entornos de desarrollo locales/alojados cuando analizan datos.
afroCountries %>%
group_by(Q6,Q12_MULTIPLE_CHOICE) %>%
filter(!is.na(Q12_MULTIPLE_CHOICE)) %>%
summarise(Count = length(Q12_MULTIPLE_CHOICE)) %>%
ggplot(aes(x = reorder(Q12_MULTIPLE_CHOICE,-Count), y = Q6, fill = Count)) +
geom_tile(size = 0.5, show.legend = TRUE) +
scale_x_discrete(labels = function(x) str_wrap(x, width = 15)) +
scale_fill_gradient(low = "salmon1", high = "blue") +
geom_text(aes(label = as.character(Count)), color = "white", size = 3.5) +
theme(legend.position = "none",
plot.title = element_text(size = 15, hjust = 0.5),
axis.text = element_text(size = 11),
axis.text.y = element_text(size = 9),
legend.text = element_text(size = 11)) +
labs(title = "Primary tools for data analysis",
x = "", y = "",
caption = "Coding experience")## `summarise()` has grouped output by 'Q6'. You can override using the `.groups`
## argument.
Científicos de datos
La mayoría de los encuestados africanos tienden a considerarse científicos de datos. Sólo unas pocas mujeres no se consideran científicas de datos.
afroCountries %>%
filter(Q1 == "Female"| Q1 == "Male") %>%
group_by(Q1,Q26) %>%
filter(!is.na(Q26)) %>%
summarise(Count = length(Q26)) %>%
ggplot(aes(x = Q26, y = Count, fill = Q1))+
geom_col() +
scale_fill_brewer(palette = "Paired") +
scale_x_discrete(labels = function(x) str_wrap(x, width = 8)) +
theme(plot.title = element_text(size = 15, hjust = 0.5),
axis.text.x = element_text(size = 9),
axis.text.y = element_text(size = 12),
legend.position = "top",
legend.text = element_text(size = 11)) +
labs(title = "Think of themself as a data scientist",
x = "", y = "Count", fill = "",
caption = "Personal views")## `summarise()` has grouped output by 'Q1'. You can override using the `.groups`
## argument.
newMultipleChoice %>%
group_by(Continent,Q26) %>%
filter(!is.na(Q26)) %>%
summarise(Count = length(Q26)) %>%
mutate(pct = round(prop.table(Count)*100,2))%>%
ggplot(aes(x = Q26, y = pct, group = Continent)) +
geom_line(aes(color = Continent), size = 0.5) +
geom_point(aes(color = Continent), size = 2) +
scale_x_discrete(labels = function(x) str_wrap(x, width = 5))+
theme(plot.title = element_text(size = 15, hjust = 0.5),
axis.text.x = element_text(size = 12),
axis.text.y = element_text(size = 12),
legend.position = "top",
legend.title = element_blank(),
legend.text = element_text(size = 11)) +
labs(title = "Think of themself as a data scientist",
x = "", y = "%", fill = "",
caption = "Africa and the world")## `summarise()` has grouped output by 'Continent'. You can override using the
## `.groups` argument.
Uso de métodos de aprendizaje automático en el trabajo
afroCountries %>%
group_by(Q6,Q25) %>%
filter(!is.na(Q25)) %>%
summarise(Count = length(Q25)) %>%
mutate(pct = round(prop.table(Count)*100,2))%>%
ggplot(aes(x = Q25, y = Q6, fill = Count)) +
geom_tile(size = 0.5, show.legend = TRUE) +
scale_x_discrete(labels = function(x) str_wrap(x, width = 15)) +
scale_fill_gradient(low = "salmon1", high = "blue") +
geom_text(aes(label = as.character(Count)), color = "white", size = 3.5) +
theme(legend.position = "none",
plot.title = element_text(size = 15, hjust = 0.5),
axis.text.x = element_text(size = 11, angle = -90, hjust = 0, vjust = 0.5),
axis.text.y = element_text(size = 9),
legend.text = element_text(size = 11)) +
labs(title = "Usage of machine learning at work/school",
x = "", y = "",
caption = "Coding experience")## `summarise()` has grouped output by 'Q6'. You can override using the `.groups`
## argument.
Productos de machine learning
La mayoría de los encuestados no ha utilizado nunca ningún producto de aprendizaje automático. Solo unos pocos lo han utilizado, y la mayoría utiliza SAS.
afroCountries %>%
select(Q6,152:194)%>%
gather(2:44, key = "questions", value = "ML_Products")%>%
group_by(Q6,ML_Products)%>%
filter(!is.na(ML_Products))%>%
summarise(Count = length(ML_Products))%>%
mutate(pct = prop.table(Count)*100)%>%
top_n(5,pct) %>%
ggplot() +
geom_point(mapping = aes(x = reorder(ML_Products,-Count), y = Q6,
size = pct, color = ML_Products)) +
theme(plot.title = element_text(size = 15, hjust = 0.5),
axis.text.x = element_text(size = 8, angle = 45, hjust = 1),
axis.text.y = element_text(size = 8),
legend.position = "none",
legend.text = element_text(size = 11)) +
labs(title = "Machine learning products (past 5 years)",
x = "", y = "", fill = "",
caption = "Africa and the world")## `summarise()` has grouped output by 'Q6'. You can override using the `.groups`
## argument.
El 25 % de los encuestados en general tampoco ha utilizado ningún producto de aprendizaje automático.
newMultipleChoice %>%
select(Continent,152:194)%>%
gather(2:44, key = "questions", value = "ML_Products")%>%
group_by(Continent,ML_Products)%>%
filter(!is.na(ML_Products))%>%
summarise(Count = length(ML_Products))%>%
mutate(pct = prop.table(Count)*100)%>%
top_n(5,Count) %>%
ggplot() +
geom_point(mapping = aes(x = Continent, y = reorder(ML_Products,pct),
size = pct, color = ML_Products)) +
scale_x_discrete(labels = function(x) str_wrap(x, width = 5))+
theme(plot.title = element_text(size = 15, hjust = 0.5),
axis.text.x = element_text(size = 12),
axis.text.y = element_text(size = 8),
legend.position = "none",
legend.text = element_text(size = 11)) +
labs(title = "Machine learning products (past 5 years)",
x = "", y = "", fill = "",
caption = "Africa and the world")## `summarise()` has grouped output by 'Continent'. You can override using the
## `.groups` argument.
Importante mencionar que cada contiene prefiere un producto de machine learning distinto, por ejemplo:
Los de Europa utilizan Cloudera, Azure Machine Learning Studio y RapidMiner.
Azure Machine Learning Studio, SAS y Cloudera son los productos más utilizados en África.
*Asian respondents prefer Google Cloud Speech-to-text API, Google Cloud Vision API, Google Cloud Natural Language API.
Framework de aprendizaje automático más usado
Scikit-Learn, TensorFlow y Keras son los framework generales de aprendizaje automático.
afroCountries %>%
select(Q6,Q19_Part_1:Q19_Part_19)%>%
gather(2:19, key = "questions", value = "ML_Framework")%>%
group_by(Q6,ML_Framework)%>%
filter(!is.na(ML_Framework))%>%
summarise(Count = length(ML_Framework))%>%
mutate(pct = prop.table(Count)*100)%>%
ggplot(aes(x = reorder(ML_Framework,-Count), y = Q6, fill = pct)) +
geom_tile(stat = "identity") +
scale_fill_gradient(low = "salmon1", high = "blue") +
geom_text(aes(label = as.character(Count)),
hjust = 0.5,vjust = 0.5, size = 3, color = "white") +
scale_x_discrete(labels = function(x) str_wrap(x, width = 5))+
theme(plot.title = element_text(size = 15, hjust = 0.5),
axis.text.x = element_text(size = 10, angle = 45, hjust = 1),
axis.text.y = element_text(size = 10),
legend.position = "none",
legend.text = element_text(size = 11)) +
labs(title = "Machine learning framework (past 5 years)",
x = "", y = "", fill = "",
caption = "Africa and the world")## `summarise()` has grouped output by 'Q6'. You can override using the `.groups`
## argument.
Is machine learning considered a black box?
Hay mucha más proporción de mujeres seguras de sí mismas, pero también más proporción de mujeres que consideran el aprendizaje automático como una black box.
afroCountries %>%
group_by(Q1,Q48) %>%
filter(Q1 == "Female" | Q1 == "Male") %>%
filter(!is.na(Q48)) %>%
filter(!is.na(Q1)) %>%
ggplot(aes(x = Q1, fill = Q48)) +
geom_bar(position = "fill") +
scale_x_discrete(labels = function(x) str_wrap(x,width = 10)) +
scale_fill_brewer(palette = "Set3") +
coord_flip() +
labs(title = "Do you consider ML as 'black boxes'?",
x = "", y = "", fill = "", caption = "Personal views") +
theme(plot.title = element_text(size = 15, hjust = 0.5),
legend.position = "bottom",
axis.text = element_text(size = 12),
legend.text = element_text(size = 10)) +
guides(fill = guide_legend(ncol = 1)) 
Criterios utilizados para determinar el éxito
Las métricas utilizadas por las industrias africanas son las que consideran la precisión en primer lugar (w, después vienen los ingresos y/o los objetivos empresariales.
Sudáfrica y Kenia están más orientadas a los ingresos que las demás ciudades. .
newMultipleChoice %>%
select(Continent,Q42_Part_1:Q42_Part_5)%>%
gather(2:6, key = "questions", value = "Metrics")%>%
group_by(Continent,Metrics)%>%
filter(!is.na(Metrics))%>%
summarise(Count = length(Metrics))%>%
mutate(pct = prop.table(Count)*100)%>%
ggplot(aes(x = Continent, y = reorder(Metrics,pct), fill = pct)) +
geom_tile(stat = "identity") +
scale_fill_gradient(low = "salmon1", high = "blue") +
geom_text(aes(label = sprintf("%.2f%%", pct)),
hjust = 0.5,vjust = 0.5, size = 4, color = "white") +
scale_x_discrete(labels = function(x) str_wrap(x, width = 5))+
scale_y_discrete(labels = function(x) str_wrap(x, width = 20))+
theme(plot.title = element_text(size = 15, hjust = 0.5),
axis.text.x = element_text(size = 12),
axis.text.y = element_text(size = 12),
legend.position = "none",
legend.text = element_text(size = 11)) +
labs(title = "Metrics used by organizations",
x = "", y = "", fill = "",
caption = "Africa and the world")## `summarise()` has grouped output by 'Continent'. You can override using the
## `.groups` argument.
¿Y qué pasa con los datos?
Tipos de datos más utilizados
La mayoría utiliza datos numéricos, pero los científicos de datos tratan más con datos tabulares, también conocidos como datos de cesta o tabla de verdad.
afroCountries %>%
select(Q6,Q32) %>%
group_by(Q6,Q32) %>%
filter(!is.na(Q32)) %>%
summarise(Count = length(Q32)) %>%
mutate(pct = round(prop.table(Count)*100,2)) %>%
ggplot(aes(x = reorder(Q32,-Count), y = Q6, fill = pct)) +
geom_tile(stat = "identity") +
scale_fill_gradient(low = "salmon1", high = "blue") +
geom_text(aes(label = as.character(Count)),
hjust = 0.5,vjust = 0.5, size = 3, color = "white") +
theme(plot.title = element_text(size = 15, hjust = 0.5),
plot.subtitle = element_text(hjust = 0.5),
legend.position = "none",
axis.text.y = element_text(size = 11),
axis.text.x = element_text(size = 12, angle = -90, hjust = 0, vjust = 0.5),
legend.text = element_text(size = 11)) +
labs(title = "Most used data types",
x = "Type of data", y = "", fill = "",
caption = "Data")## `summarise()` has grouped output by 'Q6'. You can override using the `.groups`
## argument.
Dónde encontrar los datos públicos?
Las plataformas agregadoras de conjuntos de datos son las principales fuentes de datos utilizadas, seguidas de la búsqueda en Google y Github.
afroCountries %>%
select(Q1,266:276) %>%
filter(Q1 == "Female" | Q1 == "Male") %>%
gather(2:12, key = "questions", value = "DataSource")%>%
group_by(Q1,DataSource) %>%
filter(!is.na(DataSource)) %>%
summarise(Count = length(DataSource))%>%
ggplot(aes(x = reorder(DataSource,-Count), y = Count, fill = Q1)) +
geom_col() +
scale_fill_brewer(palette = "Paired") +
scale_x_discrete(labels = function(x) str_wrap(x, width = 20)) +
theme(plot.title = element_text(size = 15, hjust = 0.5),
axis.text = element_text(size = 12),
axis.text.x = element_text(angle = -90, hjust = 0, vjust = 0.5),
legend.position = "top",
legend.text = element_text(size = 11)) +
labs(title = "Sources used to get public datasets",
x = "", y = "Count", fill = "",
caption = "Data")## `summarise()` has grouped output by 'Q1'. You can override using the `.groups`
## argument.
Otros servicios y herramientas
Servicios de computación en nube en el colegio o trabajo
Un gran número de los encuestados no ha utilizado nunca servicios de computación en nube. Las personas que si lo hacen utilizan los servicios web de Amazon, Google Cloud o Microsoft Azure.
afroCountries %>%
select(Q6,Q15_Part_1:Q15_Part_7)%>%
gather(2:8, key = "questions", value = "Cloud_services")%>%
group_by(Q6,Cloud_services)%>%
filter(!is.na(Cloud_services))%>%
summarise(Count = length(Cloud_services))%>%
mutate(pct = prop.table(Count)*100)%>%
ggplot(aes(x = reorder(Cloud_services,-Count), y = Q6, fill = pct)) +
geom_tile(stat = "identity") +
scale_fill_gradient(low = "salmon1", high = "blue") +
geom_text(aes(label = as.character(Count)),
hjust = 0.5,vjust = 0.5, size = 3, color = "white") +
scale_x_discrete(labels = function(x) str_wrap(x, width = 15))+
theme(plot.title = element_text(size = 15, hjust = 0.5),
plot.subtitle = element_text(hjust = 0.5),
axis.text.x = element_text(size = 11, angle = -90, hjust = 0, vjust = 0.5),
axis.text.y = element_text(size = 9),
legend.position = "none",
legend.text = element_text(size = 11)) +
labs(title = "Cloud computing services at work/school",
x = "", y = "", fill = "",
caption = "") ## `summarise()` has grouped output by 'Q6'. You can override using the `.groups`
## argument.
Productos de computación en la nube
Google Compute Engine is the most used cloud computing products for those using it.
afroCountries %>%
select(Q6,Q27_Part_1:Q27_Part_20) %>%
gather(2:21, key = "questions", value = "cloud")%>%
group_by(Q6,cloud)%>%
filter(!is.na(cloud))%>%
filter(!is.na(Q6))%>%
summarise(Count = length(cloud))%>%
mutate(pct = prop.table(Count)*100)%>%
ggplot(aes(x = reorder(cloud,-Count), y = Q6, fill = pct)) +
geom_tile(stat = "identity") +
scale_fill_gradient(low = "salmon1", high = "blue") +
scale_x_discrete(labels = function(x) str_wrap(x, width = 15))+
geom_text(aes(label = as.character(Count)),
hjust = 0.5,vjust = 0.5, size = 2.5, color = "white") +
theme(plot.title = element_text(size = 15, hjust = 0.5),
axis.text = element_text(size = 10),
axis.text.x = element_text(angle = -90, hjust = 0, vjust = 0.5),
legend.position = "none",
legend.text = element_text(size = 11)) +
labs(title = "Cloud computing products (past 5 years)",
x = "", y = "", fill = "",
caption = "Cloud computing products")## `summarise()` has grouped output by 'Q6'. You can override using the `.groups`
## argument.
Bases de datos relacionales
MySQL, Microsoft SQL Server y PostgresSQL son los tres productos de bases de datos relacionales más utilizados en los últimos cinco años.
afroCountries %>%
select(Q1,196:223) %>%
filter(Q1 == "Female" | Q1 == "Male") %>%
gather(2:29, key = "questions", value = "RDB_Products") %>%
group_by(Q1,RDB_Products) %>%
filter(!is.na(RDB_Products))%>%
filter(!is.na(Q1))%>%
summarise(Count = length(RDB_Products))%>%
ggplot(aes(x = reorder(RDB_Products,-Count), y = Count, fill = Q1)) +
geom_col() +
scale_fill_brewer(palette = "Paired") +
scale_x_discrete(labels = function(x) str_wrap(x, width = 15))+
theme(plot.title = element_text(size = 15, hjust = 0.5),
axis.text.x = element_text(size = 8,
angle = -90, hjust = 0, vjust = 0.5),
legend.position = "top",
legend.text = element_text(size = 11)) +
labs(title = "Relational database products (past 5 years)",
x = "", y = "Count", fill = "",
caption = "Relational database")## `summarise()` has grouped output by 'Q1'. You can override using the `.groups`
## argument.
Productos de macrodatos y análisis
Google BigQuery es la más utilizada por quienes usan herramientas de big data y analítica, siendo estos muy poco utilizados por los africanos
afroCountries %>%
select(Q1,225:249) %>%
filter(Q1 == "Female" | Q1 == "Male") %>%
gather(2:26, key = "questions", value = "BigData_Products") %>%
group_by(Q1,BigData_Products) %>%
filter(!is.na(BigData_Products)) %>%
filter(!is.na(Q1)) %>%
summarise(Count = length(BigData_Products))%>%
ggplot(aes(x = reorder(BigData_Products,-Count), y = Count, fill = Q1)) +
geom_col() +
scale_fill_brewer(palette = "Paired") +
theme(plot.title = element_text(size = 15, hjust = 0.5),
axis.text.x = element_text(size = 9, angle = -90, hjust = 0, vjust = 0.5),
axis.text.y = element_text(size = 12),
legend.position = "top",
legend.text = element_text(size = 11)) +
labs(title = "Big data and analytics tools (past 5 years)",
x = "", y = "Count", fill = "",
caption = "Big data and analytics tools")## `summarise()` has grouped output by 'Q1'. You can override using the `.groups`
## argument.
newMultipleChoice %>%
select(Continent,225:249) %>%
gather(2:26, key = "questions", value = "BigData_Products") %>%
group_by(Continent,BigData_Products) %>%
filter(!is.na(BigData_Products)) %>%
summarise(Count = length(BigData_Products))%>%
mutate(pct = prop.table(Count)*100)%>%
ggplot(aes(x = Continent, y = reorder(BigData_Products,pct), fill = pct)) +
geom_tile(stat = "identity") +
scale_fill_gradient(low = "salmon1", high = "blue") +
geom_text(aes(label = sprintf("%.2f%%", pct)),
hjust = 0.5,vjust = 0.5, size = 3, color = "white") +
scale_x_discrete(labels = function(x) str_wrap(x, width = 5))+
theme(plot.title = element_text(size = 15, hjust = 0.5),
axis.text = element_text(size = 11),
legend.position = "none",
legend.text = element_text(size = 11)) +
labs(title = "Big data and analytics tools (past 5 years)",
x = "", y = "", fill = "",
caption = "Africa and the world")## `summarise()` has grouped output by 'Continent'. You can override using the
## `.groups` argument.
Formación complementaria
Africa en su formación actual en aprendizaje automático y ciencia de datos
El valor mediano del porcentaje de aprendizaje automático y ciencia de datos es ligeramente superior para los hombres encuestados en Autodidacta, Cursos en línea y Trabajo. Sin embargo, la mediana es mayor para las mujeres africanas en el aprendizaje en la Universidad. El porcentaje de mujeres con titulaciones superiores es mayor que el de los hombres en África, un porcentaje más alto de ellas también estudiaron/están estudiando informática y Matemáticas/Estadística.
p1 <- multipleChoice18 %>%
select(Q1,Q35_Part_1) %>%
filter(Q1 == "Female" | Q1 == "Male") %>%
ggplot(aes(x = "",y = Q35_Part_1, fill = Q1)) +
geom_boxplot() +
scale_fill_brewer(palette = "Paired") +
theme(plot.title = element_text(size = 13),
legend.text = element_text(size = 9),
legend.title = element_blank()) +
labs(title = "Self-taught", x = "", y = "%")
p2 <- multipleChoice18 %>%
select(Q1,Q35_Part_2) %>%
filter(Q1 == "Female" | Q1 == "Male") %>%
ggplot(aes(x = "", y = Q35_Part_2, fill = Q1)) +
geom_boxplot() +
scale_fill_brewer(palette = "Paired") +
theme(plot.title = element_text(size = 13),
legend.text = element_text(size = 9),
legend.title = element_blank()) +
labs(title = "Online courses", x = "", y = "%")
p3 <- multipleChoice18 %>%
select(Q1,Q35_Part_3) %>%
filter(Q1 == "Female" | Q1 == "Male") %>%
ggplot(aes(x = "",y = Q35_Part_3, fill = Q1)) +
geom_boxplot() +
scale_fill_brewer(palette = "Paired") +
theme(plot.title = element_text(size = 13),
legend.text = element_text(size = 9),
legend.title = element_blank()) +
labs(title = "Work", x = "", y = "%")
p4 <- multipleChoice18 %>%
select(Q1,Q35_Part_4) %>%
filter(Q1 == "Female" | Q1 == "Male") %>%
ggplot(aes(x = "", y = Q35_Part_4, fill = Q1)) +
geom_boxplot() +
scale_fill_brewer(palette = "Paired") +
theme(plot.title = element_text(size = 13),
legend.text = element_text(size = 9),
legend.title = element_blank()) +
labs(title = "University", x = "", y = "%")
p5 <- multipleChoice18 %>%
select(Q1,Q35_Part_5) %>%
filter(Q1 == "Female" | Q1 == "Male") %>%
ggplot(aes(x = "",y = Q35_Part_5, fill = Q1)) +
geom_boxplot() +
scale_fill_brewer(palette = "Paired") +
theme(plot.title = element_text(size = 13),
legend.text = element_text(size = 9),
legend.title = element_blank()) +
labs(title = "Kaggle competitions", x = "", y = "%")
p6 <- multipleChoice18 %>%
select(Q1,Q35_Part_6) %>%
filter(Q1 == "Female" | Q1 == "Male") %>%
ggplot(aes(x = "", y = Q35_Part_6, fill = Q1)) +
geom_boxplot() +
scale_fill_brewer(palette = "Paired") +
theme(plot.title = element_text(size = 13, hjust = 0.5),
legend.text = element_text(size = 9),
legend.title = element_blank()) +
labs(title = "Other", x = "", y = "%")
grid.arrange(p1,p2, p3, p4, p5, p6, ncol = 3)## Warning: Removed 1439 rows containing non-finite values (`stat_boxplot()`).
## Removed 1439 rows containing non-finite values (`stat_boxplot()`).
## Removed 1439 rows containing non-finite values (`stat_boxplot()`).
## Removed 1439 rows containing non-finite values (`stat_boxplot()`).
## Removed 1439 rows containing non-finite values (`stat_boxplot()`).
## Removed 1439 rows containing non-finite values (`stat_boxplot()`).
Fuentes de información favoritas
En general, los foros de Kaggle son las fuentes de medios favoritas para la ciencia de datos, con una proporción del 18,41% para África, la más alta de todas.
Opinión acerca de esto
¿Qué opinan de los MOOCs y de los bootcamps presenciales?
Un gran número de los encuestados está a favor del aprendizaje en línea, en comparación con las instituciones tradicionales, especialmente los profesionales.
afroCountries %>%
group_by(Q6,Q39_Part_1) %>%
filter(!is.na(Q39_Part_1)) %>%
summarise(Count = length(Q39_Part_1)) %>%
mutate(pct = round(prop.table(Count)*100,2))%>%
ggplot(aes(x = reorder(Q39_Part_1,-Count), y = Q6, fill = pct)) +
geom_tile(size = 0.5, show.legend = TRUE) +
scale_x_discrete(labels = function(x) str_wrap(x, width = 10)) +
scale_fill_gradient(low = "salmon1", high = "blue") +
geom_text(aes(label = as.character(Count)), color = "white", size = 3.5) +
theme(legend.position = "none",
plot.title = element_text(size = 15, hjust = 0.5),
axis.text = element_text(size = 11),
axis.text.y = element_text(size = 9),
legend.text = element_text(size = 11)) +
labs(title = "Online learning vs. Traditional institution",
x = "", y = "",
caption = "")## `summarise()` has grouped output by 'Q6'. You can override using the `.groups`
## argument.
afroCountries %>%
group_by(Q6,Q39_Part_2) %>%
filter(!is.na(Q39_Part_2)) %>%
summarise(Count = length(Q39_Part_2)) %>%
mutate(pct = round(prop.table(Count)*100,2))%>%
ggplot(aes(x = reorder(Q39_Part_2,-pct), y = Q6, fill = pct)) +
geom_tile(size = 0.5, show.legend = TRUE) +
scale_x_discrete(labels = function(x) str_wrap(x, width = 10)) +
scale_fill_gradient(low = "salmon1", high = "blue") +
geom_text(aes(label = as.character(Count)), color = "white", size = 3.5) +
theme(legend.position = "none",
plot.title = element_text(size = 15, hjust = 0.5),
axis.text = element_text(size = 11),
axis.text.y = element_text(size = 9),
legend.text = element_text(size = 11)) +
labs(title = "In-person bootcamp vs. Traditional institution",
x = "", y = "",
caption = "")## `summarise()` has grouped output by 'Q6'. You can override using the `.groups`
## argument.
Conocimientos en ciencia de datos
La mayoría de los encuestados piensa que los proyectos independientes son mucho más importantes que los logros académicos.
afroCountries %>%
select(Q1,Q40) %>%
filter(Q1 == "Female" | Q1 == "Male") %>%
group_by(Q1,Q40) %>%
filter(!is.na(Q40)) %>%
filter(!is.na(Q1)) %>%
summarise(Count = length(Q40))%>%
mutate(pct = prop.table(Count)*100) %>%
ggplot(aes(x = reorder(Q40,-pct), y = pct, fill = Q1)) +
geom_col() +
scale_fill_brewer(palette = "Paired") +
scale_x_discrete(labels = function(x) str_wrap(x, width = 10))+
theme(plot.title = element_text(size = 15, hjust = 0.5),
axis.text = element_text(size = 12),
legend.position = "top",
legend.text = element_text(size = 11)) +
labs(title = "Independent projects vs. Academic achievements",
x = "", y = "Count", fill = "",
caption = "Expertise in data science")## `summarise()` has grouped output by 'Q1'. You can override using the `.groups`
## argument.
El 45,49% de los encuestados africanos considera que los proyectos independientes son mucho más importantes que los logros académicos.
newMultipleChoice %>%
group_by(Continent, Q40)%>%
filter(!is.na(Q40))%>%
summarise(Count = length(Q40))%>%
mutate(pct = prop.table(Count)*100)%>%
ggplot(aes(x = Continent, y = reorder(Q40,pct), fill = pct)) +
geom_tile(stat = "identity") +
scale_fill_gradient(low = "salmon1", high = "blue") +
geom_text(aes(label = sprintf("%.2f%%", pct)),
hjust = 0.5,vjust = 0.25, size = 3, color = "white") +
scale_x_discrete(labels = function(x) str_wrap(x, width = 5))+
scale_y_discrete(labels = function(x) str_wrap(x, width = 30))+
theme(plot.title = element_text(size = 15, hjust = 0.5),
plot.subtitle = element_text(hjust = 0.5),
axis.text.x = element_text(size = 11),
axis.text.y = element_text(size = 11),
legend.position = "none",
legend.text = element_text(size = 11)) +
labs(title = "Expertise in data science",
subtitle = "Independent projects vs. academic achievements",
x = "", y = "", fill = "",
caption = "Africa and the world")## `summarise()` has grouped output by 'Continent'. You can override using the
## `.groups` argument.
En cuanto al dinero
afroCountries %>%
group_by(Q1,Q9)%>%
filter(Q1 == "Female"|Q1 == "Male")%>%
filter(!is.na(Q9))%>%
summarise(Count = length(Q9))%>%
mutate(pct = prop.table(Count)*100)%>%
ggplot(aes(x = Q9, y = pct, group = Q1)) +
geom_point(aes(color = Q1), size = 2) + geom_line(aes(color = Q1), size = 1) +
scale_x_discrete(labels = function(x) str_wrap(x, width = 5)) +
theme(plot.title = element_text(size = 15, hjust = 0.5),
axis.text.x = element_text(size = 11, angle = -90, vjust = 0.5, hjust = 0),
axis.text.y = element_text(size = 12),
legend.position = "top",
legend.title = element_blank(),
legend.text = element_text(size = 11)) +
scale_fill_brewer(palette = "Paired") +
labs(title = "Yearly compensation",
x = "$", y = "%", fill = "",
caption = "About us")## `summarise()` has grouped output by 'Q1'. You can override using the `.groups`
## argument.
## `geom_line()`: Each group consists of only one observation. ℹ Do you need to
## adjust the group aesthetic?
Los ingresos medios de los encuestados se sitúan en torno a 10.000 y 20.000 en todos los países. Los países mejor pagados de África son Kenia y Sudáfrica, con más de 300.000 $ para los encuestados hombres.
afroCountries %>%
group_by(Q1,Q9,Q3) %>%
filter(Q1 == "Female" | Q1 == "Male") %>%
filter(!is.na(Q9)) %>%
summarise(Count = length(Q9)) %>%
mutate(pct = round(prop.table(Count)*100,2))%>%
ggplot(aes(x = Q3, y = Q9, fill = pct)) +
geom_tile(size = 0.5, show.legend = TRUE) +
scale_fill_gradient(low = "salmon1", high = "blue") +
geom_text(aes(label = sprintf("%.2f%%", pct)), color = "white", size = 2) +
facet_grid(Q1~.) +
coord_flip() +
scale_y_discrete(labels = function(x) str_wrap(x, width = 35)) +
theme(legend.position = "none",
plot.title = element_text(size = 15, hjust = 0.5),
axis.text.x = element_text(size = 11, angle = -90,
hjust = 0, vjust = 0.5),
axis.text.y = element_text(size = 11),
legend.text = element_text(size = 11)) +
labs(title = "Yearly compensation",
x = "", y = "$", fill = "",
caption = "About us")## `summarise()` has grouped output by 'Q1', 'Q9'. You can override using the
## `.groups` argument.
Independientemente de la titulación, la mayoría de los encuestados ganan menos de 10.000 dólares al año en ambos sexos. A primera vista, los hombres doctores cobran mucho más que las mujeres.
afroCountries %>%
group_by(Q1,Q9,Q4) %>%
filter(Q1 == "Female" | Q1 == "Male") %>%
filter(!is.na(Q4)) %>%
filter(!is.na(Q9)) %>%
summarise(Count = length(Q9)) %>%
mutate(pct = round(prop.table(Count)*100,2))%>%
ggplot(aes(x = Q4, y = Q9, fill = pct)) +
geom_tile(size = 0.5, show.legend = TRUE) +
scale_fill_gradient(low = "salmon1", high = "blue") +
geom_text(aes(label = sprintf("%.2f%%", pct)), color = "white", size = 2) +
facet_grid(Q1~.) +
coord_flip() +
scale_y_discrete(labels = function(x) str_wrap(x, width = 35)) +
theme(legend.position = "none",
plot.title = element_text(size = 15, hjust = 0.5),
axis.text.x = element_text(size = 11, angle = -90,
hjust = 0, vjust = 0.5),
axis.text.y = element_text(size = 11),
legend.text = element_text(size = 11)) +
labs(title = "Yearly compensation by degree",
x = "", y = "$", fill = "",
caption = "About us")## `summarise()` has grouped output by 'Q1', 'Q9'. You can override using the
## `.groups` argument.
afroCountries %>%
group_by(Q1,Q9,Q6) %>%
filter(Q1 == "Female" | Q1 == "Male") %>%
filter(!is.na(Q6)) %>%
filter(!is.na(Q9)) %>%
summarise(Count = length(Q9)) %>%
mutate(pct = round(prop.table(Count)*100,2))%>%
ggplot(aes(x = Q9, y = Q6, fill = pct)) +
geom_tile(size = 0.5, show.legend = TRUE) +
scale_fill_gradient(low = "salmon1", high = "blue") +
geom_text(aes(label = sprintf("%.2f%%", pct)), color = "white", size = 2) +
facet_grid(Q1~.) +
scale_x_discrete(labels = function(x) str_wrap(x, width = 5)) +
scale_y_discrete(labels = function(x) str_wrap(x, width = 30)) +
theme(legend.position = "none",
plot.title = element_text(size = 15, hjust = 0.5),
axis.text.x = element_text(size = 11, angle = -90,
hjust = 0, vjust = 0.5),
axis.text.y = element_text(size = 7),
legend.text = element_text(size = 11)) +
labs(title = "Yearly compensation vs. current role",
x = "$", y = "", fill = "",
caption = "About us")## `summarise()` has grouped output by 'Q1', 'Q9'. You can override using the
## `.groups` argument.
Para ganar más dinero, debes ser un científico de datos, un estadístico o un ingeniero de datos. Según se evidencian los datos.
Si analizamos estos resultados con la experiencia en el puesto actual, parece que las mujeres necesitan entre 1 y 2 años de experiencia para ganar 100.000 como científica de datos, mientras que los hombres pueden ganar entre 400.000 y más de 500.000 con la misma experiencia.
afroCountries %>%
group_by(Q1,Q9,Q8) %>%
filter(Q1 == "Female" | Q1 == "Male") %>%
filter(!is.na(Q8)) %>%
filter(!is.na(Q9)) %>%
summarise(Count = length(Q9)) %>%
mutate(pct = round(prop.table(Count)*100,2))%>%
ggplot(aes(x = Q9, y = Q8, fill = pct)) +
geom_tile(size = 0.5, show.legend = TRUE) +
scale_fill_gradient(low = "salmon1", high = "blue") +
geom_text(aes(label = sprintf("%.2f%%", pct)), color = "white", size = 2) +
facet_grid(Q1~.) +
scale_x_discrete(labels = function(x) str_wrap(x, width = 5)) +
scale_y_discrete(labels = function(x) str_wrap(x, width = 10)) +
theme(legend.position = "none",
plot.title = element_text(size = 15, hjust = 0.5),
axis.text.x = element_text(size = 11, angle = -90, hjust = 0),
axis.text.y = element_text(size = 11),
legend.text = element_text(size = 11)) +
labs(title = "Yearly compensation by gender and experience in current role",
x = "$", y = "Years of experience", fill = "",
caption = "About us")## `summarise()` has grouped output by 'Q1', 'Q9'. You can override using the
## `.groups` argument.
La mayoría de los encuestados africanos cobran menos de 10.000 $. América del Norte y Oceanía tienen la mayor proporción de personas que cobran más de 100.000 $. En Europa, la mayoría se sitúa entre 0 y 60.000 $.
newMultipleChoice %>%
group_by(Continent, Q9)%>%
filter(!is.na(Q9))%>%
summarise(Count = length(Q9))%>%
mutate(pct = prop.table(Count)*100)%>%
ggplot(aes(x = Continent, y = Q9, fill = pct)) +
geom_tile(stat = "identity") +
scale_fill_gradient(low = "salmon1", high = "blue") +
geom_text(aes(label = sprintf("%.2f%%", pct)),
hjust = 0.5,vjust = 0.25, size = 3, color = "white") +
scale_x_discrete(labels = function(x) str_wrap(x, width = 5))+
scale_y_discrete(labels = function(x) str_wrap(x, width = 30))+
theme(plot.title = element_text(size = 15, hjust = 0.5),
plot.subtitle = element_text(hjust = 0.5),
axis.text.x = element_text(size = 11),
axis.text.y = element_text(size = 11),
legend.position = "none",
legend.text = element_text(size = 11)) +
labs(title = "Yearly compensation",
x = "", y = "", fill = "",
caption = "Africa and the world")## `summarise()` has grouped output by 'Continent'. You can override using the
## `.groups` argument.