1 Overview

The table below shows an overview of the study measures and timings of when they were measured:

2 Primary outcome measure

2.1 Risk increasing behaviors

Measured at wave 1 (December 2020) wave 2 (January 2021) and wave 3 (December 2021)

We asked: How frequently, if at all, do you plan to do the following things in the next month?

Risk increasing behaviors

  • Q1. Going to gatherings of 10 or more people
  • Q2. Going on optional shopping trips
  • Q3. Going on optional travel
  • Q4. Having optional social visits
  • Q5. Eating inside restaurants, bars and food courts

Response scale: Never (1), Very rarely (2), Rarely (3), Occasionally (4), Frequently (5), Very frequently (6)

Checking reliabilty of items in December, January, and March

total.raw_alpha total.std.alpha total.G6.smc. total.average_r total.S.N total.ase total.mean total.sd total.median_r
December 0.83 0.84 0.81 0.50 5.09 0.01 2.03 0.96 0.52
January 0.83 0.84 0.81 0.50 5.07 0.01 2.06 0.98 0.52
March 0.87 0.87 0.84 0.57 6.63 0.01 2.32 1.13 0.58

See descriptives across waves

vars n mean sd median trimmed mad min max range skew kurtosis se
December 1 930 2.03 0.96 1.8 1.89 0.89 1 6 5 1.18 1.08 0.03
January 2 930 2.06 0.98 1.8 1.93 0.89 1 6 5 1.05 0.71 0.03
March 3 930 2.32 1.13 2.0 2.20 1.19 1 6 5 0.91 0.29 0.04

2.2 Risk decreasing behaviors

Measured at wave 1 (December 2020) wave 2 (January 2021) and wave 3 (December 2021)

We asked: How frequently, if at all, do you plan to do the following things in the next month?

Risk decreasing behaviors

  • Q6. Practicing good hygiene such as washing your hands, especially after touching frequently used items or surfaces
  • Q7. Wearing a mask over your nose and mouth when you are in a public place (e.g., store)
  • Q8. Wearing a mask over your nose and mouth when you are outdoors

Response scale: Never (1), Very rarely (2), Rarely (3), Occasionally (4), Frequently (5), Very frequently (6)

Checking reliabilty of items in December, January, and March

total.raw_alpha total.std.alpha total.G6.smc. total.average_r total.S.N total.ase total.mean total.sd total.median_r
December 0.54 0.62 0.53 0.35 1.65 0.02 5.11 0.87 0.37
January 0.56 0.64 0.55 0.37 1.78 0.02 5.10 0.88 0.36
March 0.53 0.61 0.51 0.34 1.55 0.02 5.03 0.88 0.37

For analysis, we decided to use the single mask wearing item (descriptives across surveys shown)

vars n mean sd median trimmed mad min max range skew kurtosis se
December 1 930 5.73 0.79 6 5.93 0 1 6 5 -3.82 16.48 0.03
January 2 930 5.74 0.75 6 5.93 0 1 6 5 -3.99 18.24 0.02
March 3 930 5.69 0.82 6 5.89 0 1 6 5 -3.52 14.08 0.03

Plots below showing mean self-reported frequency of engaging in risk-increasing behaviors and mask wearing in public across waves.

3 Demographic variables

3.1 Age

Measured at wave 1 (Dec 2020)

  • Q. What is your age?

Response options:

  • 18 to 24
  • 25 to 34
  • 35 to 44
  • 45 to 54
  • 55 to 64
  • 65 to 74
  • 75 to 84
  • 85 or older

Summary statistics for the original age options are shown below (Median of 6 corresponds to 65-74).

vars n mean sd median trimmed mad min max range skew kurtosis se
Age 1 928 5.72 1.28 6 5.92 0 1 8 7 -1.49 2.43 0.04

This table shows number and percent of respondents for each age bracket overall and by Veteran status.

label levels Non-Veteran Veteran Total
Total N (%) 346 (37.2) 584 (62.8) 930
age1_FCT 0 (0.0) 2 (0.3) 2 (0.2)
18 to 24 10 (2.9) 0 (0.0) 10 (1.1)
25 to 34 27 (7.8) 0 (0.0) 27 (2.9)
35 to 44 32 (9.2) 7 (1.2) 39 (4.2)
45 to 54 39 (11.3) 9 (1.5) 48 (5.2)
55 to 64 54 (15.6) 62 (10.6) 116 (12.5)
65 to 74 147 (42.5) 328 (56.2) 475 (51.1)
75 to 84 36 (10.4) 162 (27.7) 198 (21.3)
85 or older 1 (0.3) 14 (2.4) 15 (1.6)

Summary statistics for the age options collapsed for analysis are shown below (Median of 3 corresponds to 55-74).

vars n mean sd median trimmed mad min max range skew kurtosis se
Age: recoded 1 928 3.06 0.69 3 3.12 0 1 4 3 -0.79 1.39 0.02
label levels Non-Veteran Veteran Total
Total N (%) 346 (37.2) 584 (62.8) 930
age2_FCT 0 (0.0) 2 (0.3) 2 (0.2)
18 to 34 37 (10.7) 0 (0.0) 37 (4.0)
35 to 54 71 (20.5) 16 (2.7) 87 (9.4)
55 to 74 201 (58.1) 390 (66.8) 591 (63.5)
75 or older 37 (10.7) 176 (30.1) 213 (22.9)

3.2 Rural/Urban

  • Q. How would you best describe the place where you live?

Response options (Recoded labels):

  • Rural (Rural)
  • Small city, e.g. less than 100,000 people (Urban)
  • Suburban, near a large city (Urban)
  • Mid-sized city, 100,000 to 1 million people (Urban)
  • Large city, more than 1 million (Urban)
  • Other, please specify (Other)
label levels Non-Veteran Veteran Total
Total N (%) 346 (37.2) 584 (62.8) 930
Urban_Chr Rural 55 (15.9) 96 (16.5) 151 (16.3)
Urban 291 (84.1) 485 (83.5) 776 (83.7)

3.3 Veteran status

Measured at wave 1 (Dec 2020)

  • Q. Are you a U.S. military Veteran?

Response options: No [non-Veteran] (0), Yes [Veteran] (1)

Veteran status n percent
Non-Veteran 346 37.2%
Veteran 584 62.8%

3.4 Total number of comorbidities

Measured at wave 1 (Dec 2020)

Q. As far as you know, do you have any of the following health conditions at the present time?

  • Asthma, emphysema, or chronic bronchitis, COPD (other lung disease)
  • Arthritis or rheumatism
  • Cancer, diagnosed in the past 3 years
  • Diabetes
  • Digestive problems (such as ulcer, colitis, or gallbladder disease)
  • Heart trouble (such as angina, congestive heart failure, or coronary artery disease, having a past heart attack)
  • HIV illness or AIDS
  • Kidney disease
  • Liver problems (such as cirrhosis)
  • Stroke
  • High blood pressure (hypertension)
  • Very overweight or obese

Response options: No, do not have this condition (0), Yes, I have this condition (1).

Citation: Charlson ME, Pompei P, Ales KL, MacKenzie CR. A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: Development and validation. J Chronic Dis. 1987;40(5):373-383. doi:10.1016/0021-9681(87)90171-8.

Reported number of comorbidites was summed for each respondent to create a total score. Summary statistics for the total reported number of comorbidities are shown below.

vars n mean sd median trimmed mad min max range skew kurtosis se
Total number of comorbidities 1 930 1.47 1.37 1 1.31 1.48 0 7 7 0.83 0.16 0.05

The figure below shows the distribution of respondents reported number of comorbidities.

label levels Non-Veteran Veteran Total
Total N (%) 346 (37.2) 584 (62.8) 930
CCI_ttl_FCT 0 137 (39.6) 138 (23.6) 275 (29.6)
1 85 (24.6) 184 (31.5) 269 (28.9)
2 54 (15.6) 119 (20.4) 173 (18.6)
3 39 (11.3) 88 (15.1) 127 (13.7)
4 22 (6.4) 41 (7.0) 63 (6.8)
5 6 (1.7) 10 (1.7) 16 (1.7)
6 3 (0.9) 3 (0.5) 6 (0.6)
7 0 (0.0) 1 (0.2) 1 (0.1)

3.5 Health literacy

Measured at wave 1 (Dec 2020)

  • Q1. How often do you have someone (like a family member, friend, hospital/clinic worker or caregiver) help you read instructions, pamphlets or other written health materials from your doctor or pharmacy?

Response scale: Never(1), Rarely(2), Sometimes(3), Often(4), Always(5).

Citation: Morris NS, MacLean CD, Chew LD, Littenberg B. The Single Item Literacy Screener: Evaluation of a brief instrument to identify limited reading ability. BMC Fam Pract. 2006;7(1):21. doi:10.1186/1471-2296-7-21.

Summary statistics for respondents health literacy are shown below.

vars n mean sd median trimmed mad min max range skew kurtosis se
Health Literacy 1 930 1.24 0.68 1 1.05 0 1 5 4 3.36 11.88 0.02

The figure below shows the distribution of respondents responses to the health literacy item.

label levels Non-Veteran Veteran Total
Total N (%) 346 (37.2) 584 (62.8) 930
HLit_FCT Never (1) 285 (82.4) 513 (87.8) 798 (85.8)
Rarely (2) 27 (7.8) 47 (8.0) 74 (8.0)
Sometimes (3) 20 (5.8) 15 (2.6) 35 (3.8)
Often (4) 10 (2.9) 4 (0.7) 14 (1.5)
Always (5) 4 (1.2) 5 (0.9) 9 (1.0)

3.6 Numeracy

Measured at wave 1 (Dec 2020)

  • Q1. How good are you at working with fractions?
  • Q2. How good are you at figuring out how much a shirt will cost if it is 25% off?

Response scale (slider): Not at all good(1), — (2), — (3), — (4), — (5) Extremely good (6).

  • Q3. How often do you find numerical information to be useful?

Response scale (slider): Never(1), — (2), — (3), — (4), — (5) Very often (6).

Citation: McNaughton CD, Cavanaugh KL, Kripalani S, Rothman RL, Wallston KA. Validation of a Short, 3-Item Version of the Subjective Numeracy Scale. Med Decis Mak Int J Soc Med Decis Mak. 2015;35(8):932-936. doi:10.1177/0272989X15581800.

Citation: Fagerlin A, Zikmund-Fisher BJ, Ubel PA, Jankovic A, Derry HA, Smith DM. Measuring numeracy without a math test: development of the Subjective Numeracy Scale. Med Decis Making. 2007;27(5):672-680. doi:10.1177/0272989X07304449

The reliability of the numeracy items shown below. Items were then averaged to create a numeracy scale.

total.raw_alpha total.std.alpha total.G6.smc. total.average_r total.S.N total.ase total.mean total.sd total.median_r
0.87 0.88 0.82 0.7 7.01 0.01 4.98 1.13 0.7

Summary statistics for the numeracy scale are shown below.

vars n mean sd median trimmed mad min max range skew kurtosis se
Numeracy 1 930 4.98 1.13 5.33 5.16 0.99 1 6 5 -1.22 1.03 0.04

The figures below show the distribution of respondents responses to the individual numeracy items.

3.7 Race/Ethnicity

Measured at wave 1 (Dec 2020)

  • Q1. Are you Hispanic or Latino/a or Latinx?

Response options: No [non-Hispanic] (0), Yes [Hispanic] (1).

label levels Non-Veteran Veteran Total
Total N (%) 346 (37.2) 584 (62.8) 930
Latinx_FCT Non-Hispanic 315 (91.0) 522 (89.4) 837 (90.0)
Hispanic 31 (9.0) 61 (10.4) 92 (9.9)
No response 0 (0.0) 1 (0.2) 1 (0.1)
  • Q2. What is your race? Mark all that apply.

Response options:

  • American Indian or Alaskan Native
  • Asian or Asian American
  • Black or African American
  • Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander
  • White or European American
  • Other (please specify)

The below table shows respondents Race/Ethnicity as coded for analysis.

Non-Hispanic White n percent
No 210 22.6%
Yes 720 77.4%
label levels Non-Veteran Veteran Total
Total N (%) 346 (37.2) 584 (62.8) 930
NonHispanicWhite_Yes No 73 (21.1) 137 (23.5) 210 (22.6)
Yes 273 (78.9) 447 (76.5) 720 (77.4)

4 Risk and worry

4.1 Worry about getting COVID-19

Measured at wave 1 (Dec 2020)

  • Q1. How worried are you about getting COVID-19?

Response scale: Not at all worried (1), (2), (3), (4), Very worried (5).

Summary statistics for the worry about getting COVID-19 item are shown below.

vars n mean sd median trimmed mad min max range skew kurtosis se
Worry about COVID-19 1 930 2.92 1.29 3 2.9 1.48 1 5 4 0.19 -1.05 0.04

The figure below shows the distribution of respondents responses to the worry about getting COVID-19 item.

label levels Non-Veteran Veteran Total
Total N (%) 346 (37.2) 584 (62.8) 930
worry_FCT Not at all worried (1) 48 (13.9) 86 (14.7) 134 (14.4)
76 (22.0) 185 (31.7) 261 (28.1)
91 (26.3) 139 (23.8) 230 (24.7)
63 (18.2) 94 (16.1) 157 (16.9)
Very worried (5) 68 (19.7) 80 (13.7) 148 (15.9)

4.2 COVID-19 risk perception

Measured at wave 1 (Dec 2020)

  • Q1. In your opinion, how likely is it that you will get COVID-19 during the next month?
  • Q2. If you were to get COVID-19, how likely do you think it is that you would need to be hospitalized?
  • Q3. If you were to get COVID-19, how likely do you think it is that you would die?

Response scale: Not at all likely (1), — (2), — (3), — (4), Very likely (5).

The reliability of the COVID-19 risk perception items shown below. Items were then averaged to create a COVID-19 risk perception scale.

total.raw_alpha total.std.alpha total.G6.smc. total.average_r total.S.N total.ase total.mean total.sd total.median_r
0.79 0.79 0.76 0.55 3.66 0.01 2.46 0.93 0.45

Summary statistics for the COVID-19 risk perceptions scale are shown below.

vars n mean sd median trimmed mad min max range skew kurtosis se
Risk perceptions 1 930 2.64 0.94 2.67 2.63 0.99 1 5 4 0.15 -0.66 0.03

The figures below show the distribution of respondents responses to the individual COVID-19 risk perception items.

5 Facilitators and barriers

5.1 Working from home

Measured at wave 1 (Dec 2020)

  • Q1. Since COVID-19 began, have you been able to work from home?

Response scale (slider): None of the time(1), A little bit of the time (2), About half the time (3), Most of the time (4), All of the time (5).

Overall descriptives

##    vars   n mean   sd median trimmed mad min max range skew kurtosis   se
## X1    1 923 2.68 1.89      1     2.6   0   1   5     4 0.32    -1.83 0.06
label levels Non-Veteran Veteran Total
Total N (%) 346 (37.2) 584 (62.8) 930
WFH_Chr None of the time 171 (49.4) 319 (54.6) 490 (52.7)
A little bit of the time 13 (3.8) 21 (3.6) 34 (3.7)
About half the time 8 (2.3) 10 (1.7) 18 (1.9)
Most of the time 15 (4.3) 25 (4.3) 40 (4.3)
All of the time 139 (40.2) 202 (34.6) 341 (36.7)
(Missing) 0 (0.0) 7 (1.2) 7 (0.8)

Recoded as:

  • “none of the time” = No
  • “A little bit of the time” = Yes
  • “About half the time” = Yes
  • “Most of the time” = Yes
  • “All of the time” = Yes
label levels Non-Veteran Veteran Total
Total N (%) 346 (37.2) 584 (62.8) 930
WFH_Fct No 171 (49.4) 319 (54.6) 490 (52.7)
Yes 175 (50.6) 258 (44.2) 433 (46.6)
(Missing) 0 (0.0) 7 (1.2) 7 (0.8)

5.2 Internet quality

Measured at wave 1 (Dec 2020)

  • Q1. Is your Internet connection good enough that you can work from home or to do video calls with family and friends?

Response scale: No (0), Yes (1).

Overall descriptives

label levels Non-Veteran Veteran Total
Total N (%) 346 (37.2) 584 (62.8) 930
Internet_Fct No 46 (13.3) 0 (0.0) 46 (4.9)
Yes 298 (86.1) 500 (85.6) 798 (85.8)
(Missing) 2 (0.6) 84 (14.4) 86 (9.2)

5.3 Grocery deliveries

Measured at wave 1 (Dec 2020)

  • Q1. Do you order groceries or other necessities for delivery?

Response scale: Never, I can’t afford to (1), Never, it’s not available where I live (2), Never, I prefer to shop in person (3), Never, I have friends or family who do it for me (4), Yes, I do sometimes (5), Yes, I do most of the time (6), Yes, I do all of the time (7).

Overall descriptives

label levels Non-Veteran Veteran Total
Total N (%) 346 (37.2) 584 (62.8) 930
Groceries_Chr Never, I can’t afford to 30 (8.7) 30 (5.1) 60 (6.5)
Never, it’s not available where I live 12 (3.5) 26 (4.5) 38 (4.1)
Never, I prefer to shop in person 204 (59.0) 391 (67.0) 595 (64.0)
Never, I have friends or family who do it for me 11 (3.2) 15 (2.6) 26 (2.8)
Yes, I do sometimes 57 (16.5) 89 (15.2) 146 (15.7)
Yes, I do most of the time 15 (4.3) 20 (3.4) 35 (3.8)
Yes, I do all of the time 17 (4.9) 13 (2.2) 30 (3.2)

Recoded as yes or no based on response wording

label levels Non-Veteran Veteran Total
Total N (%) 346 (37.2) 584 (62.8) 930
Groceries_Fct No 246 (71.1) 447 (76.5) 693 (74.5)
Yes 100 (28.9) 137 (23.5) 237 (25.5)

6 Beliefs about science and healthcare

6.1 Trust in Healthcare

Measured at wave 1 (Dec 2020)

Please indicate how much you agree or disagree with each statement. There are no right or wrong answers. Please answer in a way that reflects your own personal beliefs:

  • The Health Care System does its best to make patients health better
  • The Health Care System covers up its mistakes
  • Patients receive high quality medical care from the Health Care System
  • The Health Care System makes too many mistakes
  • The Health Care System puts making money above patients’ needs
  • The Health Care System gives excellent medical care
  • Patients get the same medical treatment from the Health Care System no matter what the patient’s race or ethnicity
  • The Health Care System lies to make money
  • The Health Care System experiments on patients without them knowing

Response scale: Strongly disagree (1), Disagree (2), Somewhat disagree (3), Neither agree nor disagree (4), Somewhat agree (5), Agree (6), Strongly agree (7).

Citation: Shea JA, Micco E, Dean LT, McMurphy S, Schwartz JS, Armstrong K. Development of a Revised Health Care System Distrust Scale. J Gen Intern Med. 2008;23(6):727-732. doi:10.1007/s11606-008-0575-3.

The reliability of the Healthcare trust items shown below. Items were then averaged to create a Healthcare trust scale.

total.raw_alpha total.std.alpha total.G6.smc. total.average_r total.S.N total.ase total.mean total.sd total.median_r
0.89 0.89 0.91 0.48 8.36 0.01 4.33 1.07 0.45

Summary statistics for the healthcare trust scale are shown below.

vars n mean sd median trimmed mad min max range skew kurtosis se
Healthcare Trust 1 930 4.33 1.07 4.22 4.32 1.15 0.78 6.44 5.67 0.01 -0.34 0.04

The figures below show the distribution of respondents responses to the individual healthcare trust items (Response scale: Strongly disagree (1), Disagree (2), Somewhat disagree (3), Neither agree nor disagree (4), Somewhat agree (5), Agree (6), Strongly agree (7)).

6.2 (Lack of) Belief in science

Measured at wave 1 (Dec 2020)

Please indicate how much you agree or disagree with each statement. There are no right or wrong answers. Please answer in a way that reflects your own personal beliefs:

  • People trust scientists a lot more than they should
  • People don’t realize just how flawed a lot of scientific research really is
  • A lot of scientific theories are dead wrong
  • Sometimes I think we put too much faith in science
  • Our society places too much emphasis on science
  • I am concerned by the amount of influence that scientists have in society

Response scale (slider): Strongly disagree (1), Disagree (2), Somewhat disagree (3), Neither agree nor disagree (4), Somewhat agree (5), Agree (6), Strongly agree (7).

Citation: Hartman RO, Dieckmann NF, Sprenger AM, Stastny BJ, DeMarree KG. Modeling attitudes toward science: development and validation of the credibility of science scale. Basic Appl Soc Psychol. 2017;39(6):358-371. doi:10.1080/01973533.2017.1372284

The reliability of the (lack of) Belief in science items shown below. Items were then averaged to create a (lack of) Belief in science scale.

total.raw_alpha total.std.alpha total.G6.smc. total.average_r total.S.N total.ase total.mean total.sd total.median_r
0.96 0.96 0.95 0.79 23 0 3.27 1.56 0.79

Summary statistics for the (lack of) Belief in science scale are shown below.

vars n mean sd median trimmed mad min max range skew kurtosis se
Lack of belief in science 1 930 3.27 1.56 3.33 3.19 1.73 1 7 6 0.26 -0.77 0.05

The figures below show the distribution of respondents responses to the individual belief in science items (Response scale: Strongly disagree (1), Disagree (2), Somewhat disagree (3), Neither agree nor disagree (4), Somewhat agree (5), Agree (6), Strongly agree (7)).

6.3 Belief in conspiracy theories

Measured at wave 3 (March 2021)

Below are things that some people might believe. Please indicate whether you personally think each statement is true or false.

  • The virus causing COVID-19 was purposefully released by a government or person.
  • COVID-19 is actually a biological weapon being tested.
  • The current COVID-19 outbreak is actually a form of population control to reduce the number of people in the infected countries.
  • The COVID- 19 vaccine is a microchip so the government can track you.

Response scale: Definitely false (1), Probably false (2), Unsure (3), Probably true (4),Definitely true (5)

Citation: Piltch-Loeb R, Zikmund-Fisher BJ, Shaffer VA, et al. Cross-Sectional Psychological and Demographic Associations of Zika Knowledge and Conspiracy Beliefs Before and After Local Zika Transmission. Risk Analysis. 2019;39(12):2683-2693. doi:10.1111/risa.13369

The reliability of the belief in conspiracy theories items shown below. Items were then averaged to create a belief in conspiracy theories scale.

total.raw_alpha total.std.alpha total.G6.smc. total.average_r total.S.N total.ase total.mean total.sd total.median_r
0.88 0.89 0.88 0.66 7.81 0.01 1.76 0.94 0.68

The figures below show the distribution of respondents responses to the individual belief in conspiracy theories items.

7 Political beliefs

7.1 Conservative beliefs

Measured at wave 2 (Jan 2021)

  • Q1. Here is a 7-point scale on which the political views that people might hold are arranged from extremely liberal (left) to extremely conservative (right). Where would you place yourself on this scale?

Response scale: Extremely liberal (1), Moderately liberal (2), Slightly liberal (3), Neutral (4), Slightly conservative (5), Moderately conservative (6), Extremely conservative (7).

Summary statistics for the conservative beliefs item are shown below.

vars n mean sd median trimmed mad min max range skew kurtosis se
Conservative beliefs 1 928 4.44 1.76 5 4.51 1.48 1 7 6 -0.34 -0.9 0.06

The figure below shows the distribution of respondents responses to the conservative beliefs item.

7.2 Gov response

Measured at wave 1 (Dec 2020)

  • Q1. In general, do you think the FEDERAL government is doing not enough or too much to limit the spread of coronavirus?
  • Q2. In general, do you think your STATE government is doing not enough or too much to limit the spread of coronavirus?

Response scale: Not nearly enough (1), Not enough (2), Just right (3), Too much (4), Way too much (5).

  • Q3. How angry are you about how the FEDERAL government responded to the COVID-19 pandemic?
  • Q4. How angry are you about how your STATE’s government responded to the COVID-19 pandemic?

Response scale: Not at all angry (1), — (2), — (3), — (4), Very angry (5).

Overall descriptives

The reliability of the Gov response items shown below.

total.raw_alpha total.std.alpha total.G6.smc. total.average_r total.S.N total.ase total.mean total.sd total.median_r
-0.38 -0.3 0.31 -0.06 -0.23 0.08 2.68 0.58 -0.13

If we do not reach the α=0.70 threshold with this procedure, we will select two separate items:

  • Q2. In general, do you think your STATE government is doing not enough or too much to limit the spread of coronavirus?

Response scale: Not nearly enough (1), Not enough (2), Just right (3), Too much (4), Way too much (5).

vars n mean sd median trimmed mad min max range skew kurtosis se
1 930 2.63 1.1 3 2.57 1.48 1 5 4 0.26 -0.31 0.04

and

  • Q4. How angry are you about how your STATE’s government responded to the COVID-19 pandemic?

Response scale: Not at all angry (1), — (2), — (3), — (4), Very angry (5).

vars n mean sd median trimmed mad min max range skew kurtosis se
1 930 2.78 1.44 3 2.73 1.48 1 5 4 0.2 -1.26 0.05

7.3 Help from Friends & Family

Measured at wave 1 (Dec 2020)

  • Q1. Do you have friends or family members who have helped you during COVID-19 so you do not have to go out in public?

Response scale: No (0), Yes, I get a little help (1), Yes, I get a lot of help (2).

Overall descriptives

## 
##   0   1   2 
## 660 210  60
label levels Non-Veteran Veteran Total
Total N (%) 346 (37.2) 584 (62.8) 930
FriendFamHelp_Chr No 252 (72.8) 408 (69.9) 660 (71.0)
Yes, I get a little help 69 (19.9) 141 (24.1) 210 (22.6)
Yes, I get a lot of help 25 (7.2) 35 (6.0) 60 (6.5)

label levels Non-Veteran Veteran Total
Total N (%) 346 (37.2) 584 (62.8) 930
FriendFamHelp_Fct No 252 (72.8) 408 (69.9) 660 (71.0)
Yes 94 (27.2) 176 (30.1) 270 (29.0)